RF9 Powerfully Stimulates Gonadotrophin Secretion in the Ewe: Evidence for a Seasonal Threshold of Sensitivity

• Published in: Journal of neuroendocrinology Vol. 24; no. 5; pp. 725 - 736
• Main Authors: Caraty, A., Blomenröhr, M., Vogel, G. M. T., Lomet, D., Briant, C., Beltramo, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.2012; Blackwell; Wiley
• Subjects: Adamantane - administration & dosage; Adamantane - analogs & derivatives; Adamantane - pharmacokinetics; Adamantane - pharmacology; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Blood-brain barrier; Central Nervous System - drug effects; Central Nervous System - metabolism; Cerebrospinal fluid; Data processing; Dipeptides - administration & dosage; Dipeptides - pharmacokinetics; Dipeptides - pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance - drug effects; Drug Resistance - physiology; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; GnRH; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; Gonadotropins - secretion; GPR147; Half-Life; Hormones; Hypothalamus; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Life Sciences; Luteinizing hormone; Luteinizing Hormone - secretion; Neurons and Cognition; Peripheral blood; Pharmacokinetics; Pituitary; Pituitary (anterior); Receptors, Neuropeptide - antagonists & inhibitors; Reproduction; Reproduction - drug effects; Reproduction - physiology; RF9; RFRP3; Seasons; Secretion; Sheep; Up-Regulation - drug effects; Vertebrates: endocrinology; RF9; Secretion; RFRP3; Gonadotropin RH; Hypothalamic hormone; Vertebrata; Ewe; Sensitivity; Mammalia; Adenohypophyseal hormone; Animal; Luteinizing hormone; Sheep; Artiodactyla; Hormone releasing factor; GnRH; LH; Ungulata; GPR147; rf9; rfrp3; gpr147; anoestrus; lh; gnrh; sheep
• ISSN: 0953-8194; 1365-2826; 1365-2826
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02283.x

GPR147 and its endogenous ligands, RFRPs, are emerging as important actors in hypothalamic‐pituitary axis control. The role of this system would be to inhibit gonadotrophin secretion. However, data on the subject are contradictory. The discovery of RF9 (adamantanecarbonyl‐RF‐2‐NH2), a GPR147 antagonist, prompted us to use this new tool to further investigate this system in the ewe. Accordingly, we tested the effect of i.c.v. administration of RF9 on gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe during anoestrous and the breeding season. Intracerebroventricular injections of RF9 (from 50–450 nmol) caused a clear elevation in peripheral blood plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations. The effect of RF9 on LH was more pronounced during the anoestrous season. Furthermore, peripheral administration of RF9 as a bolus (2.1, 6.2 and 12.4 μmol per ewe) or as a constant i.v. infusion (2.1, 6.2, 12.4 and 18.6 μmol/h per ewe) to anoestrous acyclic ewes induced a sustained increase in LH plasma concentrations. A pharmacokinetic study showed that RF9 (12.4 μmol bolus i.v.) has an effective half life of 5.5 h in the plasma. Conversely, RF9 is not detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that it does not cross the blood–brain barrier. The increase in LH plasma concentrations induced by RF9 was blocked by previous administration of 1.3 μmol per ewe of gondotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist Teverelix. This suggests that GnRH is involved in the stimulatory effect of RF9 on gonadotrophin secretion. Finally, no variation in LH plasma concentrations could be detected in ovariectomised ewes injected either i.c.v. or i.v. with RFRP3 (VPNLPQRF‐NH2). The lack of effect of RFRP3 in our experimental setting suggests that the mechanisms involved in RF9 action are probably more complex than previously assumed. Our results indicate that delivery of RF9 in the ewe greatly increases gondadotrophin secretion in both the oestrus and anoestrus season, suggesting a potential new way of controlling reproduction in mammals.