Differential effects of flutamide and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on male reproductive organs in a rat model

• Published in: Journal of Reproduction and Development Vol. 55; no. 4; pp. 400 - 411
• Main Authors: Vo, T.T.B.(Chungbuk National Univ. (Korea R.)), Jung, E.M, Dang, V.H, Jung, K, Baek, J, Choi, K.C, Jeung, E.B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Japan THE SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 01.08.2009
• Subjects: Androgen Antagonists - pharmacology; Androgens - metabolism; Animals; CHEMICALS; CONTROL HORMONAL; CONTROLE HORMONAL; Diethylhexyl Phthalate - pharmacology; EXPRESION GENICA; EXPRESSION DES GENES; Female; Flutamide; Flutamide - pharmacology; FTALATES; GENE EXPRESSION; Gene Expression Regulation; HORMONAL CONTROL; MACHO; MALE; Male reproduction; MALES; Models, Biological; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; PHTHALATE; PHTHALATES; PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS; PRODUIT CHIMIQUE; RAT; RATA; RATS; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Androgen - metabolism; REPRODUCCION; REPRODUCTION; Steroids - metabolism; Testis - drug effects; TESTOSTERONAS; TESTOSTERONE
• ISSN: 0916-8818; 1348-4400
• DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20220

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) with androgenic and anti-androgenic effects may alter reproductive function by binding to androgenic receptors (AR) and inducing or modulating AR-dependent responses in the male reproductive system. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying these events remains unclear. In the present study, pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with testosterone propionate (TP), flutamide (Flu) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from gestation days (GD) 11 to 21. Interestingly, maternal exposure to Flu or DEHP caused fluctuations in the neonatal levels of serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Serum testosterone and LH were upregulated by Flu, but these hormones were down-regulated by DEHP. The anogenital distances (AGD) of male newborns were determined at post-neonatal days (PND) 1, 21 and 63. Male rats treated prenatally with DEHP (100 mg/kg mother's body weight) or Flu showed an AGD shorter than that of control rats. At PND 63, sperm concentration, viability and motility were reduced in the maternal DEHP and Flu-treated groups. The numbers of seminiferous tubules were reduced in the Flu and DEHP-treated offspring when compared with the vehicle- and TP-treated groups, and the tubules of the testes at PND 63 were disrupted by a high dose of Flu. In addition, we found differential gene expression patterns by microarray analysis following ED exposure, particularly in sex determination-related genes. Although Flu and DEHP are considered to be identical with regard to their anti-androgenic effects, their effects on developing male reproductive organs were distinct, suggesting that Flu competes with endogenous T, while DEHP influences a different step in androgenesis.