Stature estimation by semi-automatic measurements of 3D CT images of the femur

• Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine Vol. 137; no. 2; pp. 359 - 377
• Main Authors: Kira, Kei, Chiba, Fumiko, Makino, Yohsuke, Torimitsu, Suguru, Yamaguchi, Rutsuko, Tsuneya, Shigeki, Motomura, Ayumi, Yoshida, Maiko, Saitoh, Naoki, Inokuchi, Go, Hoshioka, Yumi, Saitoh, Hisako, Yajima, Daisuke, Iwase, Hirotaro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Science and Business Media LLC 01.03.2023; Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Artificial Intelligence; Asian People; Body Height; Bones; Cadaver; Cadavers; Computed tomography; Error analysis; Female; Femur; Femur - anatomy & histology; Femur - diagnostic imaging; Forensic Anthropology; Forensic Anthropology - methods; Forensic Medicine; Height; Humans; Image reconstruction; Male; Measurement methods; Medical imaging; Medical Law; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Multidetector Computed Tomography - methods; Original; Original Article; Regression analysis; Standard error; Tomography; Semi-automatic measurement; Femur; Stature estimation; Computed tomography; Artificial intelligence
• ISSN: 0937-9827; 1437-1596; 1437-1596
• DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02921-y

Stature estimation is one of the most basic and important methods of personal identification. The long bones of the limbs provide the most accurate stature estimation, with the femur being one of the most useful. In all the previously reported methods of stature estimation using computed tomography (CT) images of the femur, laborious manual measurement was necessary. A semi-automatic bone measuring method can simplify this process, so we firstly reported a stature estimation process using semi-automatic bone measurement software equipped with artificial intelligence. Multiple measurements of femurs of adult Japanese cadavers were performed using automatic three-dimensional reconstructed CT images of femurs. After manually setting four points on the femur, an automatic measurement was acquired. The relationships between stature and five femoral measurements, with acceptable intraobserver and interobserver errors, were analyzed with single regression analysis using the standard error of the estimate (SEE) and the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ). The maximum length of the femur (MLF) provided the lowest SEE and the highest R 2 ; the SEE and R 2 in all cadavers, males and females, respectively, were 3.913 cm ( R 2  = 0.842), 3.664 cm ( R 2  = 0.705), and 3.456 cm ( R 2  = 0.686) for MLF on the right femur, and 3.837 cm ( R 2  = 0.848), 3.667 cm ( R 2  = 0.705), and 3.384 cm ( R 2  = 0.699) for MLF on the left femur. These results were non-inferior to those of previous reports regarding stature estimation using the MLF. Stature estimation with this simple and time-saving method would be useful in forensic medical practice.