PINK1/Parkin mitophagy and neurodegeneration—what do we really know in vivo?

• Published in: Current opinion in genetics & development Vol. 44; pp. 47 - 53
• Main Authors: Whitworth, Alexander J, Pallanck, Leo J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2017
• Subjects: Calcium - metabolism; Humans; Medical Education; Mitochondria - genetics; Mitochondria - pathology; Mitophagy - genetics; Nerve Degeneration - genetics; Nerve Degeneration - pathology; Parkinson Disease - genetics; Parkinson Disease - metabolism; Parkinson Disease - pathology; Protein Kinases - genetics; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases - genetics
• ISSN: 0959-437X; 1879-0380; 1879-0380
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.01.016

•PINK1 and Parkin are implicated in regulating mitophagy but in vivo evidence is conflicting.•Results support a complex and subtle process of mitochondrial quality control.•The field is poised to resolve the when, how and where mitophagy occurs in vivo. Mitochondria are essential organelles that provide cellular energy and buffer cytoplasmic calcium. At the same time they produce damaging reactive oxygen species and sequester pro-apoptotic factors. Hence, eukaryotes have evolved exquisite homeostatic processes that maintain mitochondrial integrity, or ultimately remove damaged organelles. This subject has garnered intense interest recently following the discovery that two Parkinson’s disease genes, PINK1 and parkin, regulate mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy). The molecular details of PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy are emerging but much of our insight derives from work using cultured cells and potent mitochondrial toxins, raising questions about the physiological significance of these findings. Here we review the evidence supporting PINK1/Parkin mitophagy in vivo and its causative role in neurodegeneration, and outline outstanding questions for future investigations.