Rewarding Volunteers: A Field Experiment

• Published in: Management science Vol. 60; no. 5; pp. 1107 - 1129
• Main Authors: Lacetera, Nicola, Macis, Mario, Slonim, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Linthicum INFORMS 01.05.2014; Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
• Subjects: Analysis; Behavioral economics; Blood & organ donations; Blood banks; Blood donation; Blood donors; Displacement; Economic incentives; Experimental economics; Experiments; Field experiments; Field work; Gift certificates; Impact analysis; Incentives; Management science; Mathematical dependent variables; Organizations; prosocial behavior; Self image; Sharing economy; Spillovers; Studies; Tissue donation; U.S.A; Voluntary work; volunteer organizations; Volunteerism; Volunteers; United States; United States > US
• ISSN: 0025-1909; 1526-5501
• DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2013.1826

We conducted a field experiment with the American Red Cross (ARC) to study the effects of economic incentives on volunteer activities. The experiment was designed to assess local and short-term effects as well as spatial and temporal substitution, heterogeneity, and spillovers. Subjects offered $5, $10, and $15 gift cards to give blood were more likely to donate and more so for the higher reward values. The incentives also led to spatial displacement and a short-term shift in the timing of donation activity, but they had no long-term effects. Many of the effects were also heterogeneous in the population. We also detected a spillover effect whereby informing some individuals of rewards through official ARC channels led others who were not officially informed to be more likely to donate. Thus, the effect of incentives on prosocial behavior includes not only the immediate local effects but also spatial displacement, social spillovers, and dramatic heterogeneity. We discuss the implications of these findings for organizations with activities that rely on volunteers for the supply of key inputs or products as well as for government agencies and public policy. This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics .