Forest structure drives changes in light heterogeneity during tropical secondary forest succession

• Published in: The Journal of ecology Vol. 109; no. 8; pp. 2871 - 2884
• Main Authors: Matsuo, Tomonari, Martínez‐Ramos, Miguel, Bongers, Frans, Sande, Masha T., Poorter, Lourens
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2021; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Abandonment; Area; Attenuation; Canopies; Canopy; chronosequences; determinants of plant community diversity and structure; Diameters; Dimensions; Distribution; Ecological succession; forest structure; forest succession; forestry development; Geographical distribution; Gradients; Height; Heterogeneity; horizontal light heterogeneity; Inflection points; leaves; Length; Light; Light attenuation; light attenuation rate; Light distribution; Light intensity; Luminous intensity; pioneer species; Plant species; Population Ecology; Regeneration; Regeneration (biological); secondary forests; secondary succession; shade tolerance; Species; tree and stand measurements; trees; Tropical climate; tropical forest; Tropical forests; understorey light availability; understory; vertical light profile; forest structure; light attenuation rate; horizontal light heterogeneity; secondary succession; tropical forest; understorey light availability; vertical light profile; determinants of plant community diversity and structure
• ISSN: 0022-0477; 1365-2745
• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13680

Light is a key resource for tree performance and hence, tree species partition spatial and temporal gradients in light availability. Although light distribution drives tree performance and species replacement during secondary forest succession, we yet lack understanding how light distribution changes with tropical forest development. This study aims to evaluate how changes in forest structure lead to changes in vertical and horizontal light heterogeneity during tropical forest succession. We described successional patterns in light using a chronosequence approach in which we compared 14 Mexican secondary forest stands that differ in age (8–32 years) since agricultural abandonment. For each stand, we measured vertical light profiles in 16 grid cells, and structural parameters (diameter at breast height, height and crown dimensions) for each tree. During succession, we found a rapid increase in stand size (basal area, crown area and length) and stand differentiation (i.e. a gradual leaf distribution along the forest profile), which leads to fast changes in light conditions and more light heterogeneity. The inflection points of the vertical light gradient (i.e. the absolute height at which 50% relative light intensity is attained) rapidly moved towards higher heights in the first 20 years, indicating that larger amounts of light are intercepted by canopy trees. Light attenuation rate (i.e. the rate of light extinction) decreased during succession due to slower accumulation of the crown area with height. Understorey light intensity and heterogeneity slightly decreased during succession because of an increase in crown size and a decrease in lateral gap frequency. Understorey relative light intensity was 1.56% at 32 years after abandonment. Synthesis. During succession, light conditions changed linearly, which should lead to a continuous and constant replacement of species. Especially in later successional stages, stronger vertical light gradients can limit the regeneration of light‐demanding pioneer species and increase the proportion of shade‐tolerant late‐successional species under the canopy. These changes in light conditions were largely driven by the successional changes in forest structure, as basal area strongly determined the height where most light is absorbed, whereas crown area, and to a lesser extent crown length, determined light distribution. Secondary forest succession is driven by changes in forest structure and light environment, but few studies have quantified both factors. During succession in a Mexican tropical rainforest, light in the understory became more homogeneously distributed, whereas vertical light heterogeneity increased. Stand basal area determined the height where most light is absorbed, whereas crown architecture determined horizontal and vertical light distribution.