Serum CCL2 Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Non-Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer

• Published in: Biomedicines Vol. 10; no. 10; p. 2369
• Main Authors: Iwamoto, Hiroaki, Izumi, Kouji, Nakagawa, Ryunosuke, Toriumi, Ren, Aoyama, Shuhei, Kamijima, Taiki, Shimada, Takafumi, Kano, Hiroshi, Makino, Tomoyuki, Naito, Renato, Kadomoto, Suguru, Yaegashi, Hiroshi, Kawaguchi, Shohei, Nohara, Takahiro, Shigehara, Kazuyoshi, Kadono, Yoshifumi, Mizokami, Atsushi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 22.09.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: biomarker; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Castration; CCL2; chemokine; Chemokines; Medical prognosis; Metastases; Metastasis; Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; Multivariate analysis; Patients; Physiological aspects; prognostic; Prostate cancer; Prostate-specific antigen; Survival; United States; United States > US; prognostic; CCL2; chemokine; prostate cancer; biomarker; survival
• ISSN: 2227-9059; 2227-9059
• DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102369

Purpose: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a useful prostate cancer (PC) biomarker, but some cases reported that PSA does not correlate with the Gleason score. Serum chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) has been reported to be a potential complementary PSA biomarker, but it remains unclear whether it can be applied to non-metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (nmCSPC) or each section of the stages. Serum CCL2′s usefulness was investigated as a prognostic nmCSPC biomarker in this study. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 379 patients who underwent prostate biopsy at Kanazawa University Hospital from 2007 to 2013. A total of 230 patients with nmCSPC were included in this study of the 255 patients with histologically diagnosed prostate cancer. The serum CCL2 efficacy as a prognostic nmCSPC biomarker was investigated retrospectively. Results: An independent significant predictor of worse OS was CCL2 ≥ 280 pg/dL and CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dL in multivariate analysis. Gleason score ≥ 8 and CCL2 ≥ 280 pg/dL were independent significant predictors of CRPC-free survival (CFS) worsening in multivariate analysis. Serum CCL2 was a predictive biomarker for OS and CFS in nmCSPC. Furthermore, CCL2 ≥ 280 pg/mL patients had significantly worse visceral metastasis-free survival than those with CCL2 < 280 pg/mL. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate serum CCL2 utility as a biomarker to predict OS and CFS in nmCSPC.