Pediatric frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome with multiple cerebral infarctions accompanied by patent foramen ovale and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a case report

• Published in: BMC nephrology Vol. 25; no. 1; p. 146
• Main Authors: Kiuchi, Zentaro, Tanaka, Eriko, Nunokawa, Saaya, Yoshida, Sawako, Hosaki, Akira, Kogure, Tomohito, Narita, Masami
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 24.04.2024; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age; Anticoagulants; Anticoagulants (Medicine); Arrhythmia; Asymptomatic; Care and treatment; Case Report; Cerebral infarction; Cerebral Infarction - diagnostic imaging; Cerebral Infarction - etiology; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Children; Computed tomography; Consciousness; CT imaging; Diagnosis; Diseases; Echocardiography; Edema; Embolism; Embolisms; Female; Foramen Ovale, Patent - complications; Foramen Ovale, Patent - diagnostic imaging; Heart; Humans; Kidney diseases; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple cerebral infarctions; Mycophenolate mofetil; Mycophenolic acid; Nephrotic syndrome; Nephrotic Syndrome - complications; Neuroimaging; Neurological complications; Patent foramen ovale; Patients; Pediatrics; Prednisolone; Prevention; Proteins; Recurrence; Remission; Rituximab; Shunts; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial - complications; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial - diagnostic imaging; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial - drug therapy; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial - etiology; Sinuses; Stroke (Disease); Thromboembolism; Thrombophilia; Thrombosis; Veins & arteries; Canada; Japan; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Patent foramen ovale; Nephrotic syndrome; Multiple cerebral infarctions
• ISSN: 1471-2369; 1471-2369
• DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03579-x

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) presents as a hypercoagulable state, of which thromboembolism (TE) is a well-known life-threatening complication. Although TE is more likely to occur in venous vessels than arterial vessels, arterial TE is important because it may cause after-effects, including tissue necrosis and cerebral infarction (CI); therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are required. We report a pediatric NS case with multiple CIs. A 14-year-7-month-old Japanese girl was diagnosed with frequent relapsing NS, accompanied by headache and disturbance of consciousness during the second relapse. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and four-dimensional computed tomography revealed multiple CIs, vasogenic edema, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The patient had no underlying thrombophilia other than hypercoagulability due to NS and prednisolone (PSL), and no cardiac arrhythmia; however, a right-to-left shunt through the patent foramen ovale (PFO) was observed with the Valsalva maneuver by echocardiography. Therefore, we assumed that a potential cause of multiple CIs might be an embolic stroke, caused by thrombosis formed from a hypercoagulable state due to NS and PSL treatment and reached through PFO. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies were administered for TE. She was treated with PSL and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for NS. Rituximab (RTX) was administered to prevent NS relapse after complete remission (CR). She underwent transcatheter PFO closure at age 14 years and 9 months because we considered that the right-to-left shunt through the PFO would be one of the risks for recurrent cerebral embolism when NS relapses. One year after the onset of CIs, an MRI indicated that the CVST had resolved, leaving no neurological sequelae due to CI; therefore, anticoagulant therapy was discontinued. And then she has been in CR for NS with only MMF therapy. CI is a serious complication in patients with NS. The pathogenesis of multiple CIs is various, including right-to-left shunt through PFO, in addition to the hypercoagulability due to NS. It is important to investigate and manage underlying risks such as PFO, besides preventing the relapses of NS by aggressive treatments using MMF and RTX, in patients with NS.