Histopathologically confirmed radiation-induced damage of the brain – an in-depth analysis of radiation parameters and spatio-temporal occurrence

• Published in: Radiation oncology (London, England) Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 198 - 13
• Main Authors: Kossmann, Mario R. P., Ehret, Felix, Roohani, Siyer, Winter, Sebastian F., Ghadjar, Pirus, Acker, Güliz, Senger, Carolin, Schmid, Simone, Zips, Daniel, Kaul, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 12.12.2023; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Background radiation; Biological effects; Biopsy; Brain - pathology; Brain cancer; Brain damage; Brain injury; Brain Neoplasms - secondary; Brain tumors; Central nervous system; Development and progression; Distribution patterns; Frequency map; Glioma; Glioma - pathology; Glioma - radiotherapy; Gliomas; Heatmap; Histopathology; Humans; Lesions; Magnetic resonance imaging; Malignancy; Medical records; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Metastases; Metastasis; Necrosis; Parietal lobe; Patients; Pseudoprogression; Radiation; Radiation damage; Radiation effects; Radiation necrosis; Radiation therapy; Radionecrosis; Radiosurgery; Radiosurgery - methods; Registration; Subventricular zone; Temporal distribution; Tomography; Tumors; United States > US; Frequency map; Brain; Radionecrosis; Tumor; Heatmap; Pseudoprogression; Dose; Subventricular zone; Radiation necrosis; Location
• ISSN: 1748-717X; 1748-717X
• DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02385-3

Radiation-induced damage (RID) after radiotherapy (RT) of primary brain tumors and metastases can be challenging to clinico-radiographically distinguish from tumor progression. RID includes pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis; the latter being irreversible and often associated with severe symptoms. While histopathology constitutes the diagnostic gold standard, biopsy-controlled clinical studies investigating RID remain limited. Whether certain brain areas are potentially more vulnerable to RID remains an area of active investigation. Here, we analyze histopathologically confirmed cases of RID in relation to the temporal and spatial dose distribution. Histopathologically confirmed cases of RID after photon-based RT for primary or secondary central nervous system malignancies were included. Demographic, clinical, and dosimetric data were collected from patient records and treatment planning systems. We calculated the equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2 ) and the biologically effective dose (BED ) for normal brain tissue (α/β ratio of 2 Gy) and analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution using frequency maps. Thirty-three patients were identified. High-grade glioma patients (n = 18) mostly received one normofractionated RT series (median cumulative EQD2 60 Gy) to a large planning target volume (PTV) (median 203.9 ccm) before diagnosis of RID. Despite the low EQD2 and BED , three patients with an accelerated hyperfractionated RT developed RID. In contrast, brain metastases patients (n = 15; 16 RID lesions) were often treated with two or more RT courses and with radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic RT, resulting in a higher cumulative EQD2 (median 162.4 Gy), to a small PTV (median 6.7 ccm). All (n = 34) RID lesions occurred within the PTV of at least one of the preceding RT courses. RID in the high-grade glioma group showed a frontotemporal distribution pattern, whereas, in metastatic patients, RID was observed throughout the brain with highest density in the parietal lobe. The cumulative EQD2 was significantly lower in RID lesions that involved the subventricular zone (SVZ) than in lesions without SVZ involvement (median 60 Gy vs. 141 Gy, p = 0.01). Accelerated hyperfractionated RT can lead to RID despite computationally low EQD2 and BED in high-grade glioma patients. The anatomical location of RID corresponded to the general tumor distribution of gliomas and metastases. The SVZ might be a particularly vulnerable area.