Development of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology Focused on Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Properties

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 4; p. 724
• Main Authors: Mohamed Mahzir, Khurul Ain, Abd Gani, Siti Salwa, Hasanah Zaidan, Uswatun, Halmi, Mohd Izuan Effendi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 22.03.2018; MDPI
• Subjects: Antioxidants; Antioxidants - chemistry; extraction; Extraction processes; ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP); Flavonoids; Flavonoids - chemistry; free radical scavenging activity (DPPH); Free radicals; Fruit - chemistry; Fruits; Independent variables; Mathematical models; Phaleria; Phaleria macrocarpa; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Phenols - chemistry; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Response surface methodology; response surface methodology (RSM); Temperature; Thymelaeaceae - chemistry; total flavonoid content (TFC); total phenolic content (TPC); total flavonoid content (TFC); total phenolic content (TPC); ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP); free radical scavenging activity (DPPH); Phaleria macrocarpa; extraction; response surface methodology (RSM)
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040724

In this study, the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from the Buah Mahkota Dewa fruit ( was determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimisation was applied using a Central Composite Design (CCD) to investigate the effect of three independent variables, namely extraction temperature (°C), extraction time (minutes) and extraction solvent to-feed ratio (% / ) on four responses: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The optimal conditions for the antioxidants extraction were found to be 64 °C extraction temperature, 66 min extraction time and 75% / solvent to-feed ratio giving the highest percentage yields of DPPH, FRAP, TPC and TFC of 86.85%, 7.47%, 292.86 mg/g and 3.22 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the data were subjected to Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the results showed that the polynomial equations for all models were significant, did not show lack of fit, and presented adjusted determination coefficients ( ²) above 99%, proving that the yield of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidants activities obtained experimentally were close to the predicted values and the suitability of the model employed in RSM to optimise the extraction conditions. Hence, in this study, the fruit from could be considered to have strong antioxidant ability and can be used in various cosmeceutical or medicinal applications.