Improving statin treatment strategies to reduce LDL-cholesterol: factors associated with targets’ attainment in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes

• Published in: Cardiovascular diabetology Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 144 - 12
• Main Authors: Morieri, Mario Luca, Perrone, Valentina, Veronesi, Chiara, Degli Esposti, Luca, Andretta, Margherita, Plebani, Mario, Fadini, Gian Paolo, Vigili de Kreutzenberg, Saula, Avogaro, Angelo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central 16.07.2021; BMC
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers - blood; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control; Cardiovascular prevention; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL - blood; Codes; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - blood; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology; Down-Regulation; Dyslipidemias - blood; Dyslipidemias - diagnosis; Dyslipidemias - drug therapy; Dyslipidemias - epidemiology; Ezetimibe; Ezetimibe - therapeutic use; Female; Gender; HDL; Heart Disease Risk Factors; High density lipoprotein; Hospitals; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - adverse effects; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Italy - epidemiology; Laboratories; Lipids; Low density lipoprotein; Male; Medical research; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Original Investigation; Patients; PCSK9; Pharmacy; Primary Prevention; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Secondary Prevention; Statins; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Italy; HDL; PCSK9; Cardiovascular prevention; Gender; Statins; Ezetimibe
• ISSN: 1475-2840; 1475-2840
• DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01338-y

This cross-sectional study aimed to identify actionable factors to improve LDL-cholesterol target achievement and overcome underuse of lipid-lowering treatments in high- or very-high-cardiovascular risk patients. We evaluated healthcare records of 934,332 subjects from North-Italy, including subjects with available lipid profile and being on statin treatments up to December 2018. A 6-month-period defined adherence with proportion-of-days-covered ≥ 80%. Treatment was classified as high-intensity-statin (HIS) + ezetimibe, HIS-alone, non-HIS (NHIS) + ezetimibe or NHIS alone. We included 27,374 subjects without and 10,459 with diabetes. Among these, 30% and 36% were on secondary prevention, respectively. Adherence was high (78-100%) and increased with treatment intensity and in secondary prevention. Treatment intensity increased in secondary prevention, but only 42% were on HIS. 2019-guidelines LDL-cholesterol targets were achieved in few patients and more often among those with diabetes (7.4% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001). Patients in secondary prevention had mean LDL-cholesterol levels aligned slightly above 70 mg/dl (range between 68 and 73 mg/dl and between 73 and 85 mg/dl in patients with and without diabetes, respectively). Moreover, the differences in mean LDL-cholesterol levels observed across patients using treatments with well-stablished different LDL-lowering effect were null or much smaller than expected (HIS vs. NHIS from - 3 to - 11%, p < 0.001, HIS + ezetimibe vs. HIS-from - 4 to + 5% n.s.). These findings, given the observational design of the study, might suggest that a "treat to absolute LDL-cholesterol levels" approach (e.g., targeting LDLc of 70 mg/dl) was mainly used by physicians rather than an approach to also achieve the recommended 50% reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels. Our analyses suggested that female sex, younger age, higher HDL-c, and elevated triglycerides are those factors delaying prescription of statin treatments, both in patients with and without diabetes and in those on secondary prevention. Among patients on statin treatment and high adherence, only a small proportion of patients achieved LDL-cholesterol targets. Late initiation of high-intensity treatments, particularly among those with misperceived low-risk (e.g., female subjects or those with high HDL-cholesterol), appears as pivotal factors needing to be modified to improve CVD prevention.