Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) positivity among female sex workers: a cross-sectional study highlighting one-year experiences in early detection of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions in Kampala, Uganda

• Published in: Infectious agents and cancer Vol. 16; no. 1; p. 31
• Main Authors: Namale, Gertrude, Mayanja, Yunia, Kamacooko, Onesmus, Bagiire, Daniel, Ssali, Agnes, Seeley, Janet, Newton, Robert, Kamali, Anatoli
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 11.05.2021; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Accuracy; Acetic acid; Acids; Analysis; Antiretroviral therapy; Biopsy; Cancer; Cancer screening; Cervical cancer; cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN); Cervix; Colposcopy; Cross-sectional studies; Diagnosis; Female sex workers (FSWs); Health aspects; Health care; Histology; HIV; HIV infection; HIV testing; Hospitals; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus; Inflammation; Inspection; Invasiveness; Medical personnel; Medical screening; Organic acids; Papilloma; Papillomavirus infections; Prevention; Quality control; Reproductive behavior; Reproductive health; screening; Sex industry; Sex oriented businesses; Sexual behavior; Sexual partners; Sexually transmitted diseases; Supervision; Vagina; visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA); Womens health; Workers; Working women; Uganda; Sub-Saharan Africa; Kampala Uganda; visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA); screening; HIV; Female sex workers (FSWs); cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)
• ISSN: 1750-9378; 1750-9378
• DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00373-4

Although cervical cancer is preventable, most women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) do not receive routine screening and few treatment options exist. Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are among the Ugandan female population at highest risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and human papilloma viruses (HPV), the cause of cervical cancer. We report one-year experiences of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) positivity among FSWs in the early detection of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions in Kampala, Uganda. Between June 2014 and July 2015, we enrolled FSWs into a cross-sectional study at a research clinic. The women were screened using the VIA method (application of 3-5 % acetic acid to the cervix). All VIA positive women were referred to a tertiary hospital for colposcopy, biopsy, and immediate treatment (if indicated) at the same visit according to national guidelines. Data on socio-demographic, sexual behaviour, sexual reproductive health and clinical characteristics were collected. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with VIA positivity. Of 842 women assessed for eligibility, 719 (85 %) of median age 30 (IQR 26, 35) were screened, and 40 (6 %) women were VIA positive. Of the 24 histology specimens analysed, 6 showed inflammation, only 1 showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 13 women showed CIN2/3, while 4 women already had invasive cervical cancer. The overall prevalence of HIV was 43 %, of whom only 35 % were receiving ART. In the age-adjusted analysis, VIA positivity was more likely among women who reported having > 100 life-time partners (aOR = 3.34, 95 %CI: 1.38-8.12), and HIV positive women (aOR = 4.55; 95 %CI: 2.12-9.84). We found a relatively low proportion of VIA positivity in this population. The experience from our program implies that the VIA results are poorly reproducible even among a category of trained professional health workers. VIA positivity was more likely among women with a high number of sexual partners and HIV infection. Interventions for improving cervical cancer screening should be recommended as part of HIV care for FSWs to reduce the disease burden in this population.