Trait evolution, resource specialization and vulnerability to plant extinctions among Antillean hummingbirds

• Published in: Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Vol. 285; no. 1875; p. 20172754
• Main Authors: Dalsgaard, Bo, Kennedy, Jonathan D., Simmons, Benno I., Baquero, Andrea C., Martín González, Ana M., Timmermann, Allan, Maruyama, Pietro K., McGuire, Jimmy A., Ollerton, Jeff, Sutherland, William J., Rahbek, Carsten
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England The Royal Society 28.03.2018; The Royal Society Publishing
• Edition: Royal Society (Great Britain)
• Subjects: Animals; Beak; Biological Evolution; Birds - anatomy & histology; Birds - physiology; Body Size; Colonization; Confidence Intervals; Divergence; Ecology; Endemics; Extinction; Extinction, Biological; Flowers - anatomy & histology; Flowers - physiology; Food plants; Island Biology; Islands; Linear Models; Low temperature; Lowlands; Mountains; Mutualistic Networks; Nectar; Plant Nectar; Pollination; Predictions; Rainfall; Specialization; Species; Species Specificity; Taxon Cycles; Temperature; Threatened species; Trochilidae; West Indies; West Indies; Lesser Antilles; island biology; specialization; mountains; taxon cycles; endemics; mutualistic networks
• ISSN: 0962-8452; 1471-2954; 1471-2954
• DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2754

Species traits are thought to predict feeding specialization and the vulnerability of a species to extinctions of interaction partners, but the context in which a species evolved and currently inhabits may also matter. Notably, the predictive power of traits may require that traits evolved to fit interaction partners. Furthermore, local abiotic and biotic conditions may be important. On islands, for instance, specialized and vulnerable species are predicted to be found mainly in mountains, whereas species in lowlands should be generalized and less vulnerable. We evaluated these predictions for hummingbirds and their nectar-food plants on Antillean islands. Our results suggest that the rates of hummingbird trait divergence were higher among ancestral mainland forms before the colonization of the Antilles. In correspondence with the limited trait evolution that occurred within the Antilles, local abiotic and biotic conditions—not species traits—correlate with hummingbird resource specialization and the vulnerability of hummingbirds to extinctions of their floral resources. Specifically, hummingbirds were more specialized and vulnerable in conditions with high topographical complexity, high rainfall, low temperatures and high floral resource richness, which characterize the Antillean Mountains. These findings show that resource specialization and species vulnerability to extinctions of interaction partners are highly context-dependent.