Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: A critical review of the state-of-the-art, current prospects, and future challenges

• Published in: Bone (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 85; pp. 81 - 90
• Main Authors: Rahmati, Maryam, Mobasheri, Ali, Mozafari, Masoud
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.04.2016
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cartilage; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation - complications; Inflammation - therapy; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism; Inflammatory mediators; Orthopedics; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis - immunology; Osteoarthritis - metabolism; Osteoarthritis - pathology; Osteoarthritis - physiopathology; Synovitis; Synovitis - metabolism; Synovitis - pathology; Synovitis - physiopathology; Synovium; PP; MCV; OCT; Synovitis; ADAMTS; MPO; Synovium; CTGF; COMP; Cartilage; ECs; PAMPs; HOA; CD36; US; PPAR-γ; NOD; DGAT2; iNOS or NOS2; IL-1β; MAC; RA; JSW; ERK1/2; m-CPPD and t-CPPD; CRPM; NC; CAT; hsCRP; NF; WOMAC; CE-US; TKR; NLRs; Osteoarthritis; C1M; NO; IL-1Ra; MNC; COX-2; MRI; COX-1; PRRs; CTX-I and II; Cl2; WAT; SF; NSAIDs; EMSA; ColX; TIMPs; CCL2; C2M; BMI; PGE2; mPGES-1; BDNF; FLSs; MMPs; LIF; Inflammatory mediators; SAF-1; CCL; ECM; ACR; TMJ; HOCl; TNF-α; PTX-3; HA; sPLA2; THRSP; Gd; TLRs; Endothelial Cells; Hypochlorous acid; Optical coherence tomography; Serum Amyloid A-activating Factor 1; Mononuclear cell; Body Mass Index; Thyroid Hormone Responsive Spot; Microsomal PGE Synthase-1; Nitric Oxide; Factor Leukocyte Inhibitory; Control Subjects; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinases; Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase 1/2; Cranial Cruciate Ligament; Prostaglandin E2; Total Knee Replacement; Myeloperoxidase; Extracellular matrix; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; American College of Rheumatology; Soluble Phospholipase A2; MMP-mediated breakdown of CRP; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; MMP-mediated degradation of type I Collagen; Synovial Fluid; Cyclooxygenase-1; Type X collagen; Cl 2; Cyclooxygenase-2; Pentraxin-3; IL-1 receptor antagonist; Gadolinium; TemporoMandibular Joint; Modified Citrullinated Vimentin; Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase; Nuclear Factor; Membrane attack complex; Carboxy Terminal Telopeptides types I and II; Isoform of Nitric Oxide Synthase; Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes; Nucleotide oligomerization domain; Pyrophosphate; Chlorine gas; Matrix MetalloProteinase-derived fragments of type II collagen; Diacyl Glycerol Acyl Transferase 2; Hyaluronic Acid; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ; Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; Monoclinic and triclinic Calcium Pyrophosphate Dehydrate; Pattern recognition receptors; Matrix MetalloProteinases; Western Ontario McMaster Universities OA index; White Adipose Tissue; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Toll-like receptors; Joint Space Width; Ultrasound; A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs; NOD-like receptors; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; Interleukin-1β; Cluster of Differentiation; Hand Osteoarthritis; High sensitive C-Reactive Protein; Connective Tissue Growth Factor; C C motif Ligand 2
• ISSN: 8756-3282; 1873-2763
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.01.019

Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been defined as a prototypical non-inflammatory arthropathy, but today there is compelling evidence to suggest that it has an inflammatory component. Many recent studies have shown the presence of synovitis in a large number of patients with OA and demonstrated a direct association between joint inflammation and the progression of OA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, matrix degrading enzymes and biomechanical stress are major factors responsible for the progression of OA in synovial joints. The aim of this review is to discuss the significance of a wide range of implicated inflammatory mediators and their contribution to the progression of OA. We also discuss some of the currently available guidelines, practices, and prospects. In addition, this review argues for new innovation in methodologies and instrumentation for the non-invasive detection of inflammation in OA by modern imaging techniques. We propose that identifying early inflammatory events and targeting these alterations will help to ameliorate the major symptoms such as inflammation and pain in OA patients. [Display omitted] •There is an important link between inflammation and progression of osteoarthritis•Main inflammatory mediators are cytokines, NO, ROS and matrix degrading enzymes•Biomechanical stress can significantly increase synthesis of inflammatory mediators•Over expression of inflammatory mediators may cause gradual deterioration of tissues•Natural anti-inflammatory compounds may have some advantages over synthetic drugs