Feasibility study of deep learning‐based markerless real‐time lung tumor tracking with orthogonal X‐ray projection images

• Published in: Journal of applied clinical medical physics Vol. 24; no. 4; pp. e13894 - n/a
• Main Authors: Zhou, Dejun, Nakamura, Mitsuhiro, Mukumoto, Nobutaka, Matsuo, Yukinori, Mizowaki, Takashi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.04.2023; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Accuracy; Cancer therapies; Clinical medicine; Deep Learning; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Lung cancer; Lung Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; Lung Neoplasms - radiotherapy; markerless real‐time tumor tracking; Patients; Performance evaluation; Radiation; Radiation Oncology Physics; respiratory motion management; Retrospective Studies; target contour prediction; Tumors; X-Rays; Japan; Germany; deep learning; target contour prediction; respiratory motion management; markerless real-time tumor tracking
• ISSN: 1526-9914; 1526-9914
• DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13894

Purpose The feasibility of a deep learning‐based markerless real‐time tumor tracking (RTTT) method was retrospectively studied with orthogonal kV X‐ray images and clinical tracking records acquired during lung cancer treatment. Methods Ten patients with lung cancer treated with marker‐implanted RTTT were included. The prescription dose was 50 Gy in four fractions, using seven‐ to nine‐port non‐coplanar static beams. This corresponds to 14–18 X‐ray tube angles for an orthogonal X‐ray imaging system rotating with the gantry. All patients underwent 10 respiratory phases four‐dimensional computed tomography. After a data augmentation approach, for each X‐ray tube angle of a patient, 2250 digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) images with gross tumor volume (GTV) contour labeled were obtained. These images were adopted to train the patient and X‐ray tube angle‐specific GTV contour prediction model. During the testing, the model trained with DRR images predicted GTV contour on X‐ray projection images acquired during treatment. The predicted three‐dimensional (3D) positions of the GTV were calculated based on the centroids of the contours in the orthogonal images. The 3D positions of GTV determined by the marker‐implanted RTTT during the treatment were considered as the ground truth. The 3D deviations between the prediction and the ground truth were calculated to evaluate the performance of the model. Results The median GTV volume and motion range were 7.42 (range, 1.18–25.74) cm3 and 22 (range, 11–28) mm, respectively. In total, 8993 3D position comparisons were included. The mean calculation time was 85 ms per image. The overall median value of the 3D deviation was 2.27 (interquartile range: 1.66–2.95) mm. The probability of the 3D deviation smaller than 5 mm was 93.6%. Conclusions The evaluation results and calculation efficiency show the proposed deep learning‐based markerless RTTT method may be feasible for patients with lung cancer.