The Effect of HIV and the Modifying Effect of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure Levels in Rural South Africa

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 11; no. 8; p. e0158264
• Main Authors: Feigl, Andrea B, Bloom, David E, Danaei, Goodarz, Pillay, Deenan, Salomon, Joshua A, Tanser, Frank, Bärnighausen, Till W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.08.2016; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Adipose tissue; Adult; AIDS; Anti-Retroviral Agents - adverse effects; Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use; Antiretroviral drugs; Biology and Life Sciences; Blood; Blood pressure; Blood Pressure - drug effects; Body mass; Body Mass Index; Body size; Body weight loss; Chronic illnesses; Female; Health risk assessment; Health risks; HIV; HIV - drug effects; HIV - pathogenicity; HIV Infections - complications; HIV Infections - drug therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Lentivirus; Male; Medicine and Health Sciences; Patients; People and places; Population studies; Research and Analysis Methods; Risk analysis; Risk Factors; South Africa; Weight Gain - drug effects; South Africa
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158264

High BMI and blood pressure are leading chronic disease risk factors in South Africa. Longterm effects of HIV and ART on adiposity and blood pressure are poorly understood, and direct comparisons of risk factor trajectories in HIV- versus HIV+ populations are rare. In 2003 and 2010, height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded in a study population (n = 505) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (30% adult HIV prevalence). We modeled change in BMI and BP longitudinally in HIV- individuals (n = 315), seroconverters (n = 32), HIV+ patients not on ART (HIV+ART-; n = 52), HIV+ patients on ART for 0-<2 years as of 2010 (HIV+ART0-<2 yrs; n = 18), patients on ART for 2-5 years (HIV+ART2-5yrs; n = 44), and a subgroup with unknown HIV status (n = 44). Difference-in-differences were assessed in reference to the HIV- population. Between 2003 and 2010, BMI increased significantly in the HIV- group, by 0.874 (95% CI 0.339, 1.41; p = 0.001), to 30.4. BMI drop was significantly greater in HIV+ART0-<2yrs than in HIV+ART2-5yrs (p = 0.005). DID in BMI in HIV+ART0-<2yrs versus the reference was -5.21 (95% CI -7.53, -2.90; p = 0.001), and DID in HIV+ART2-5yrs versus reference was -1.35 (95% CI -2.89, 0.189; p = 0.086). DID in SBP in HIV+ART-vs HIV- DID was -7.55 mmHg (95% CI -13.2 to -1.90; p = 0.009). Short-term ART (0-<2 years) was associated with larger weight loss than either no ART or long-term ART. Once on ART for 2+ years, individuals 'caught up' on weight gain with the HIV- population. Our results showcase the importance of health system readiness to address the burgeoning double burden of disease in South Africa.