Cost structure in specialist mental healthcare: what are the main drivers of the most expensive episodes?

• Published in: International journal of mental health systems Vol. 17; no. 1; pp. 1 - 37
• Main Authors: Ki, Yeujin, McAleavey, Andrew Athan, Moger, Tron Anders, Moltu, Christian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 09.11.2023; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Activity based costing; Analysis; Capital costs; Clinics; Cost control; Cost per patient (CPP); Direct labor costs; Economic analysis; Economic aspects; Gender; Generalized linear models; Health care; Health care expenditures; Health services; Homeopathy; Hospital administration; Hospital costs; Kost per pasient (KPP); Materia medica and therapeutics; Medical care; Medical care, Cost of; Mental disorders; Patients; Pilot projects; Psychiatric research; Psychiatric services; Resource utilization; Schizophrenia; Specialist mental healthcare; Therapeutics; Utilization; Variables; Norway; England; Sweden; United Kingdom > UK; Germany
• ISSN: 1752-4458; 1752-4458
• DOI: 10.1186/s13033-023-00606-6

Background Mental disorders are one of the costliest conditions to treat in Norway, and research into the costs of specialist mental healthcare are needed. The purpose of this article is to present a cost structure and to investigate the variables that have the greatest impact on high-cost episodes. Methods Patient-level cost data and clinic information during 2018-2021 were analyzed (N = 180,220). Cost structure was examined using two accounting approaches. A generalized linear model was used to explain major cost drivers of the 1%, 5%, and 10% most expensive episodes, adjusting for patients' demographic characteristics [gender, age], clinical factors [length of stay (LOS), admission type, care type, diagnosis], and administrative information [number of planned consultations, first hospital visits, interval between two hospital episode]. Results One percent of episodes utilized 57% of total resources. Labor costs accounted for 87% of total costs. The more expensive an episode was, the greater the ratio of the inpatient (ward) cost was. Among the top-10%, 5%, and 1% most expensive groups, ward costs accounted for, respectively, 89%, 93%, and 99% of the total cost, whereas the overall average was 67%. Longer LOS, ambulatory services, surgical interventions, organic disorders, and schizophrenia were identified as the major cost drivers of the total cost, in general. In particular, LOS, ambulatory services, and schizophrenia were the factors that increased costs in expensive subgroups. The "first hospital visit" and "a very short hospital re-visit" were associated with a cost increase, whereas "the number of planned consultations" was associated with a cost decrease. Conclusions The specialist mental healthcare division has a unique cost structure. Given that resources are utilized intensively at the early stage of care, improving the initial flow of hospital care can contribute to efficient resource utilization. Our study found empirical evidence that planned outpatient consultations may be associated with a reduced health care burden in the long-term. Keywords: Specialist mental healthcare, Cost per patient (CPP), Kost per pasient (KPP), Economic analysis, Hospital administration