polycomb repressive complex 2 gene regulates apogamy and gives evolutionary insights into early land plant evolution

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 106; no. 38; pp. 16321 - 16326
• Main Authors: Okano, Yosuke, Aono, Naoki, Hiwatashi, Yuji, Murata, Takashi, Nishiyama, Tomoaki, Ishikawa, Takaaki, Kubo, Minoru, Hasebe, Mitsuyasu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences 22.09.2009; National Acad Sciences
• Subjects: Apogamy; apomixis; Arabidopsis thaliana; Biological Sciences; branching; Bryopsida; Bryopsida - cytology; Bryopsida - genetics; Bryopsida - physiology; Cell culture; cell differentiation; Cell lines; Cloning, Molecular; Diploidy; Evolution; Evolution, Molecular; Evolutionary biology; Flowers & plants; Gametophytes; Gene Deletion; Gene expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; genes; Haploidy; Hot Temperature; Molecular Sequence Data; mosses and liverworts; Phylogeny; Physcomitrella patens; Plant cells; plant development; plant growth; Plant Proteins - classification; Plant Proteins - genetics; Plant Proteins - physiology; Plants; Plants, Genetically Modified; Pluripotent stem cells; Reproduction - genetics; Reproduction - physiology; Sporophytes; Stem cells; transcription factors
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906997106

Land plants have distinct developmental programs in haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations. Although usually the two programs strictly alternate at fertilization and meiosis, one program can be induced during the other program. In a process called apogamy, cells of the gametophyte other than the egg cell initiate sporophyte development. Here, we report for the moss Physcomitrella patens that apogamy resulted from deletion of the gene orthologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana CURLY LEAF (PpCLF), which encodes a component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). In the deletion lines, a gametophytic vegetative cell frequently gave rise to a sporophyte-like body. This body grew indeterminately from an apical cell with the character of a sporophytic pluripotent stem cell but did not form a sporangium. Furthermore, with continued culture, the sporophyte-like body branched. Sporophyte branching is almost unknown among extant bryophytes. When PpCLF was expressed in the deletion lines once the sporophyte-like bodies had formed, pluripotent stem cell activity was arrested and a sporangium-like organ formed. Supported by the observed pattern of PpCLF expression, these results demonstrate that, in the gametophyte, PpCLF represses initiation of a sporophytic pluripotent stem cell and, in the sporophyte, represses that stem cell activity and induces reproductive organ development. In land plants, branching, along with indeterminate apical growth and delayed initiation of spore-bearing reproductive organs, were conspicuous innovations for the evolution of a dominant sporophyte plant body. Our study provides insights into the role of PRC2 gene regulation for sustaining evolutionary innovation in land plants.