Isolation and identification of (44- R,S)-44,55-dihydroxyyessotoxin from Protoceratium reticulatum, and its occurrence in extracts of shellfish from New Zealand, Norway and Canada

• Published in: Toxicon (Oxford) Vol. 46; no. 2; pp. 160 - 170
• Main Authors: Finch, Sarah C., Wilkins, Alistair L., Hawkes, Allan D., Jensen, Dwayne J., MacKenzie, A. Lincoln, Beuzenberg, Veronica, Quilliam, Michael A., Olseng, Christine D., Samdal, Ingunn A., Aasen, John, Selwood, Andrew I., Cooney, Janine M., Sandvik, Morten, Miles, Christopher O.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2005; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Canada; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, Liquid; Dinoflagellida - chemistry; Ethers, Cyclic - chemistry; Ethers, Cyclic - isolation & purification; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Marine; Marine Toxins - chemistry; Marine Toxins - isolation & purification; Mass Spectrometry; Medical sciences; New Zealand; Norway; Oxocins - chemistry; Oxocins - isolation & purification; Plant poisons toxicology; Protoceratium reticulatum; Shellfish - parasitology; Shellfish - toxicity; Toxicology; New Zealand; Canada; Norway; Europe; America; North America; Oceania; Dinophyta; Shellfish; Algae; Plant origin; Isolation; Extract; Identification; Biological contamination; Thallophyta
• ISSN: 0041-0101; 1879-3150
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.03.007

44,55-Dihydroxyyessotoxin ( 1) was isolated from extracts of Protoceratium reticulatum and identified by analysis of its one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectra. In addition, LC–MS methods revealed the presence of compounds tentatively identified as (44- R,S)-44,55-dihydroxy-41a-homoyessotoxin ( 2) and (44- R,S)-44,55-dihydroxy-9-methyl-41a-homoyessotoxin ( 3). LC–MS analyses indicate that 1 is a constituent of P. reticulatum in New Zealand and Norway, and it was present in three species of mussels from New Zealand, Norway, and Canada.