Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus and Toll-Like Receptors: Current Status and Potential Therapeutic Use for Chronic Hepatitis B

Immune defense against infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and involves both host innate and adaptive immune systems. It is well accepted that the development of sufficient HBV-specific T cell and B cell responses are required for controlling an HBV infection. However, the contribu...

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Published inVaccines (Basel) Vol. 6; no. 1; p. 6
Main Authors Ma, Zhiyong, Cao, Qian, Xiong, Yong, Zhang, Ejuan, Lu, Mengji
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 16.01.2018
MDPI
Subjects
Activation
adaptive immunity
Adaptive systems
Chronic infection
Cytokines
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
hepatitis B virus
Immune system
Immunity
immunotherapy
Infections
Innate immunity
Interferon
Intracellular signalling
Lymphocytes B
Proteins
Receptors
Restoration
Review
Signal transduction
Toll-like receptors
Viruses
innate immunity
toll-like receptors
hepatitis B virus
adaptive immunity
immunotherapy
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Summary:Immune defense against infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and involves both host innate and adaptive immune systems. It is well accepted that the development of sufficient HBV-specific T cell and B cell responses are required for controlling an HBV infection. However, the contribution of innate immunity to removing HBV has been explored in recent years. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as the first line of antiviral immunity because they initiate intracellular signaling pathways to induce antiviral mediators such as interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Recent studies show that the activation of TLR-mediated signaling pathways results in a suppression of HBV replication in vitro and in vivo. However, HBV has also evolved strategies to counter TLR responses including the suppression of TLR expression and the blockage of downstream signaling pathways. Antiviral treatment in chronic HBV-infected patients leads to an upregulation of TLR expression and the restoration of its innate antiviral functions. Thus, TLR activation may serve as an additional immunotherapeutic option for treating chronic HBV infection in combination with antiviral treatment.
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ISSN:2076-393X
2076-393X
DOI:10.3390/vaccines6010006