25-Hydroxyvitamin D is lower in deprived groups, but is not associated with carotid intima media thickness or plaques: Results from pSoBid

• Published in: Atherosclerosis Vol. 223; no. 2; pp. 437 - 441
• Main Authors: Knox, Susan, Welsh, Paul, Bezlyak, Vladimir, McConnachie, Alex, Boulton, Emma, Deans, Kevin A, Ford, Ian, Batty, G. David, Burns, Harry, Cavanagh, Jonathan, Millar, Keith, McInnes, Iain B, McLean, Jennifer, Velupillai, Yoga, Shiels, Paul, Tannahill, Carol, Packard, Chris J, Michael Wallace, A, Sattar, Naveed
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Ireland Ltd 01.08.2012; Elsevier
• Subjects: 25-Hydoxyvitamin D; Adult; Atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research); Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers - blood; Blood and lymphatic vessels; blood serum; body mass index; Cardiology. Vascular system; Cardiovascular; Carotid Artery, Internal - diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery, Internal - pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Carotid Stenosis - diagnostic imaging; Carotid Stenosis - epidemiology; Carotid Stenosis - pathology; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diseases of the peripheral vessels. Diseases of the vena cava. Miscellaneous; Female; Humans; Intima media thickness; lifestyle; Linear Models; Male; Medical sciences; metabolites; Middle Aged; Obesity - epidemiology; Odds Ratio; Plaque; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Poverty - statistics & numerical data; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Scotland - epidemiology; seasonal variation; Sedentary Behavior; Smoking - epidemiology; Socioeconomic deprivation; socioeconomic factors; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Vitamin D; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives; Vitamin D - blood; vitamin D deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; 25-Hydoxyvitamin D; Socioeconomic deprivation; Vitamin D; Atherosclerosis; Plaque; Intima media thickness; Cardiovascular disease; Socioeconomics; Artery; Vascular disease; Blood vessel; Carotid; Circulatory system
• ISSN: 0021-9150; 1879-1484
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.001

Abstract Objective The association of the circulating serum vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) with atherosclerotic burden is unclear, with previous studies reporting disparate results. Method Psychological, social and biological determinants of ill health (pSoBid) is a study of participants aged 35–64 years from Glasgow who live at extremes of the socioeconomic spectrum. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25OHD < 25nmol/L, as per convention. Cross-sectional associations between circulating 25OHD concentrations and a range of socioeconomic, lifestyle, and biochemistry factors, as well as carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and plaque presence were assessed in 625 participants. Results Geometric mean levels of circulating 25OHD were higher among the least deprived (45.6 nmol/L, 1-SD range 24.4–85.5) versus most deprived (34.2 nmol/L, 1-SD range 16.9–69.2; p  < 0.0001). In the least deprived group 15% were “deficient” in circulating 25OHD versus 30.8% in the most deprived ( χ2 p  < 0.0001). Log 25OHD was 27% lower among smokers ( p  < 0.0001), 20% higher among the physically active versus inactive ( p  = 0.01), 2% lower per 1 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) ( p  < 0.0001), and showed expected seasonal variation ( χ2 p  < 0.0001). Log 25OHD was 13% lower in the most versus least deprived independent of the aforementioned lifestyle confounding factors ( p  = 0.03). One unit increase in log 25OHD was not associated with atherosclerotic burden in univariable models; cIMT (effect estimate 0.000 mm [95% CI −0.011, 0.012]); plaque presence (OR 0.88 [0.75, 1.03]), or in multivariable models. Conclusion There is no strong association of 25OHD with cIMT or plaque presence, despite strong evidence 25OHD associates with lifestyle factors and socioeconomic deprivation.