Canine tooth size and fitness in male mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx)

• Published in: Journal of human evolution Vol. 55; no. 1; pp. 75 - 85
• Main Authors: Leigh, Steven R., Setchell, Joanna M., Charpentier, Marie, Knapp, Leslie A., Wickings, E. Jean
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2008; Elsevier
• Subjects: Age Factors; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Biological evolution; Cuspid - anatomy & histology; Cuspid - chemistry; Evolutionary anthropology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution; Life Sciences; Male; Male life history; Male reproductive success; Males; Mandrills; Mandrillus - anatomy & histology; Mandrillus - physiology; Mandrillus sphinx; Mate selection; Mouth. Exocrine and endocrine salivary glands. Teeth. Esophagus; Primates; Selection, Genetic; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual reproduction; Social Dominance; Teeth; Tooth development; Vertebrates: digestive system; Tooth development; Male life history; Male reproductive success; Biometrics; Life history; Sexual selection; Biological evolution; Male; Cuspid; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Breeding success; Primates; Simioidea; Development; Tooth; Sexual dimorphism
• ISSN: 0047-2484; 1095-8606
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.001

Sexual selection theory explains the evolution of exaggerated male morphologies and weaponry, but the fitness consequences of developmental and age-related changes in these features remain poorly understood. This long-term study of mandrill monkeys ( Mandrillus sphinx) demonstrates how age-related changes in canine tooth weaponry and adult canine size correlate closely with male lifetime reproductive success. Combining long-term demographic and morphometric data reveals that male fitness covaries simply and directly with canine ontogeny, adult maximum size, and wear. However, fitness is largely independent of other somatometrics. Male mandrills sire offspring almost exclusively when their canines exceed approximately 30 mm, or two-thirds of average adult value (45 mm). Moreover, sires have larger canines than nonsires. The tooth diminishes through wear as animals age, corresponding with, and perhaps influencing, reproductive senescence. These factors combine to constrain male reproductive opportunities to a brief timespan, defined by the period of maximum canine length. Sexually-selected weaponry, especially when it is nonrenewable like the primate canine tooth, is intimately tied to the male life course. Our analyses of this extremely dimorphic species indicate that sexual selection is closely intertwined with growth, development, and aging, pointing to new directions for sexual selection theory. Moreover, the primate canine tooth has potential as a simple mammalian system for testing genetically-based models of aging. Finally, the tooth may record details of life histories in fossil primates, especially when sexual selection has played a role in the evolution of dimorphism.