Enhancing Protein Backbone Binding-A Fruitful Concept for Combating Drug-Resistant HIV

• Published in: Angewandte Chemie International Edition Vol. 51; no. 8; pp. 1778 - 1802
• Main Authors: Ghosh, Arun K., Anderson, David D., Weber, Irene T., Mitsuya, Hiroaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim WILEY-VCH Verlag 20.02.2012; WILEY‐VCH Verlag; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Edition: International ed. in English
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS; Antiretroviral agents; antiviral agents; Backbone; backbone binding; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Viral; Drugs; Effectiveness; Enzymes; Evolution; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - metabolism; HIV Infections - virology; HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology; HIV-1 - metabolism; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Humans; Inhibitors; Protease inhibitors; Protein Binding; Proteinase inhibitors; proteins; Review; Therapy
• ISSN: 1433-7851; 1521-3773; 1521-3773
• DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102762

The evolution of drug resistance is one of the most fundamental problems in medicine. In HIV/AIDS, the rapid emergence of drug‐resistant HIV‐1 variants is a major obstacle to current treatments. HIV‐1 protease inhibitors are essential components of present antiretroviral therapies. However, with these protease inhibitors, resistance occurs through viral mutations that alter inhibitor binding, resulting in a loss of efficacy. This loss of potency has raised serious questions with regard to effective long‐term antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS. In this context, our research has focused on designing inhibitors that form extensive hydrogen‐bonding interactions with the enzyme’s backbone in the active site. In doing so, we limit the protease’s ability to acquire drug resistance as the geometry of the catalytic site must be conserved to maintain functionality. In this Review, we examine the underlying principles of enzyme structure that support our backbone‐binding concept as an effective means to combat drug resistance and highlight their application in our recent work on antiviral HIV‐1 protease inhibitors. Impeding the evolution of drug resistance: HIV protease inhibitors are critical to antiretroviral treatment regimens. However, the rapid onset of drug resistance limits the effectiveness of most approved inhibitors. The structure‐based design of inhibitors targeting atoms in the protein backbone is an attractive strategy for maintaining drug efficacy. This approach limits the enzyme's ability to evolve resistance without sacrificing its catalytic activity.