Effect of canavanine from alfalfa seeds on the population biology of Bacillus cereus

• Published in: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 64; no. 12; pp. 4683 - 4688
• Main Authors: Emmert, E.A.B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.), Milner, J.L, Lee, J.C, Pulvermacher, K.L, Olivares, H.A, Clardy, J, Handelsman, J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Society for Microbiology 01.12.1998
• Subjects: ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES; ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES; AUXILIAIRE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria; Bacteriology; Biochemistry; Biological and medical sciences; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORGANISMS; Biotechnology; CONTROL BIOLOGICO; Ecology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Grasses; LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; Microbiology; ORGANISMOS PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO; Pathogenicity, virulence, toxins, bacteriocins, pyrogens, host-bacteria relations, miscellaneous strains; Plant Microbiology; PROPIEDADES ANTIMICROBIANAS; PROPRIETE ANTIMICROBIENNE; PYTHIUM; PYTHIUM TORULOSUM; Seeds; Microorganism growth; Exudate; Purification; Biological control; Medicago sativa; Vegetal microorganism relation; Bacillaceae; Resistance; Bacillus cereus; Bacillales; Leguminosae; Dicotyledones; Seed; Angiospermae; Bacteria; Spermatophyta; Inhibition; Mutation; Fodder crop; Activity spectrum; Colonization
• ISSN: 0099-2240; 1098-5336
• DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.4683-4688.1998

Bacillus cereus UW85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of UW85 in culture (J.L. Milner, S.J. Raffel, B.J. Lethbridge, and J. Handelsman, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43:685-691, 1995). In this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. All of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. We purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and identified it as canavanine, which was present in the cultivar Iroquois seed exudate at a concentration of 2 mg/g of seeds. Multiple lines of evidence suggested that canavanine activity accounted for all of the inhibitory activity. Both canavanine and seed exudate inhibited the growth of UW85 on minimal medium; growth inhibition by either canavanine or seed exudate was prevented by arginine, histidine, or lysine; and canavanine and crude seed exudate had the same spectrum of activity against B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Vibrio cholerae. The B. cereus UW85 populations surrounding canavanine-exuding seeds were up to 100-fold smaller than the populations surrounding non-canavanine-exuding seeds, but canavanine did not affect the growth of UW85 on seed surfaces. The spermosphere populations of canavanine-resistant mutants of UW85 were larger than the spermosphere populations of UW85, but the mutants and UW85 were similar in spermoplane colonization. These results indicate that canavanine exuded from alfalfa seeds affects the population biology of B. cereus