Free radical-operated proteotoxic stress in macrophages primed with lipopolysaccharide

• Published in: Free radical biology & medicine Vol. 53; no. 1; pp. 172 - 181
• Main Authors: Zhai, Zili, Gomez-Mejiba, Sandra E., Gimenez, Maria S., Deterding, Leesa J., Tomer, Kenneth B., Mason, Ronald P., Ashby, Michael T., Ramirez, Dario C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2012
• Subjects: acetylcysteine; Acetylcysteine - pharmacology; Animals; Antioxidant; antioxidant activity; Blotting, Western; cell death; Cell Death - drug effects; Cells, Cultured; chelating agents; Cyclic N-Oxides - pharmacology; cytotoxicity; death; Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology; Free Radicals - pharmacology; glutathione; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoprecipitation; inflammation; Inflammation - chemically induced; Inflammation - prevention & control; iron; Lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology; Macrophage; macrophage activation; macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; Macrophages - metabolism; Macrophages - pathology; Mice; Nitrogen Oxides - metabolism; oxidation; Oxidation-Reduction; oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Protein Carbonylation - drug effects; Protein oxidation; proteins; Proteins - chemistry; Proteins - metabolism; Reactive oxygen species; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Spin Labels; Spin Trapping; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; NO; Reactive oxygen species; O2; DMSO; HRP; DP; H2O2; MTT; Spin trapping; LPS; LC-MS/MS; LDH; Lipopolysaccharide; NOX-1/2; PBN; PBS; ESR; DMPO; DAPI; Antioxidant; NAC; Protein oxidation; ROS; DPI; carboxy-H2DCFDA; GAPDH; ELISA; Macrophage
• ISSN: 0891-5849; 1873-4596
• DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.023

The free-radical-operated mechanism of death of activated macrophages at sites of inflammation is unclear, but it is important to define it in order to find targets to prevent further tissue dysfunction. A well-defined model of macrophage activation at sites of inflammation is the treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with the resulting production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and other free radicals can be trapped with the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), a cell-permeable probe with antioxidant properties, which thus interferes with free-radical-operated oxidation processes. Here we have used immuno-spin trapping to investigate the role of free-radical-operated protein oxidation in LPS-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS resulted in increased ROS production, oxidation of proteins, cell morphological changes and cytotoxicity. DMPO was found to trap protein radicals to form protein–DMPO nitrone adducts, to reduce protein carbonyls, and to block LPS-induced cell death. N-Acetylcysteine (a source of reduced glutathione), diphenyleneiodonium (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), and 2,2′-dipyridyl (a chelator of Fe2+) prevented LPS-induced oxidative stress and cell death and reduced DMPO–nitrone adduct formation, suggesting a critical role of ROS, metals, and protein-radical formation in LPS-induced cell cytotoxicity. We also determined the subcellular localization of protein–DMPO nitrone adducts and identified some candidate proteins for DMPO attachment by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS data are consistent with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, one of the most abundant, sensitive, and ubiquitous proteins in the cell, becoming labeled with DMPO when the cell is primed with LPS. This information will help find strategies to treat inflammation-associated tissue dysfunction by focusing on preventing free radical-operated proteotoxic stress and death of macrophages. ► Activation and death of macrophages at sites of inflammation is modeled. ► Low doses of LPS cause free radical-operated proteotoxic stress and cell death. ► DMPO traps protein radicals to form nitrone adducts and prevents cell death. ► Identity and subcellular distribution of nitrone adducts in stressed cells. ► GAPDH is corroborated as one of these targets of oxidation in stressed cells.