Sex differences in cardiovascular disease – Impact on care and outcomes

• Published in: Frontiers in neuroendocrinology Vol. 46; pp. 46 - 70
• Main Authors: Humphries, K.H, Izadnegahdar, M, Sedlak, T, Saw, J, Johnston, N, Schenck-Gustafsson, K, Shah, R.U, Regitz-Zagrosek, V, Grewal, J, Vaccarino, V, Wei, J, Bairey Merz, C.N
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.07.2017
• Subjects: Animals; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular Diseases - therapy; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Female; Gender; Humans; Male; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Myocardial Ischemia - physiopathology; Risk Factors; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors; Smoking - adverse effects; Women; Thin Cap Fibroatheroma; Coronary Heart Disease; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Socioeconomic Status; Cardiovascular disease; Seattle Angina Questionnaire; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Gender; WISE; GDM; Standardized Mortality Ratio; Heart Failure; STEMI; Beta Blocker; Myocardial Perfusion Reserve Index; CMD; Odds Ratio; Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction; Chronic Resynchronization Therapy; Takotsubo’s Syndrome; WHO; Women; HF with preserved ejection fraction; Patient’s Pre-test Probability; World Health Organization; TCAs; IVUS; Stable Ischemic Heart Disease; Tricyclic Anti-depressants; ARB; Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Gestational Diabetes; PCI; Quality of Life; SMR; CABG; Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting; Coronary Flow Reserve; CMRI; MPRI; Relative Risk; BB; NSTEMI; RR; SES; SAQ; CRT; CBF; Sex; HFpEF; HFrEF; PTP; TCFA; CFR; QoL; Coronary Blood Flow; TTS; MACE; SCAD; Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; Intra-Cranial Haemorrhage; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; Intravascular Ultrasound; OR; Women’s Ischemic Syndrome Evaluation; Coronary Vasospasm; Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging; ACE-I; Canadian Institutes for Health; ICH; CS; Invasive Coronary Reactivity Testing; SIHD; Major Adverse Cardiac Events; CIHI; HF with reduced ejection fraction; CHD; HF; ICRT; Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
• ISSN: 0091-3022; 1095-6808; 1095-6808
• DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.001

Highlights • Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in women worldwide. • Women under-represented in clinical trials and results often not reported by sex. • Women and men share most risk factors, but several are unique to women. • Coronary microvascular dysfunction may be present if no obstructive lesions found. • Women are more likely to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.