Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediated by UVA-Visible Light Leads to Keratinocyte Damage

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 19; p. 10645
• Main Authors: Mokrzyński, Krystian, Krzysztyńska-Kuleta, Olga, Zawrotniak, Marcin, Sarna, Michał, Sarna, Tadeusz
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 30.09.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - chemistry; Air Pollutants - radiation effects; Air Pollutants - toxicity; Air pollution; Apoptosis; Apoptosis - drug effects; Assaying; Atomic force microscopy; Biological properties; Caspase-3; Cell death; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cytotoxicity; Flow cytometry; Free radicals; Free Radicals - metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects; HaCaT Cells - drug effects; HaCaT Cells - metabolism; Homeostasis; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Keratinocytes; Light - adverse effects; Light scattering; Light sources; Lipid peroxidation; Lipid Peroxidation - drug effects; Lipids; Membrane potential; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Oxidative Stress - genetics; Oxidative Stress - radiation effects; Particle Size; Particulate matter; Particulate Matter - chemistry; Particulate Matter - radiation effects; Particulate Matter - toxicity; Peroxidation; Phosphorescence; Photon correlation spectroscopy; phototoxicity; PM2.5; Pollutants; Polymerase chain reaction; Radiation; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Singlet oxygen; Skin; Skin - drug effects; Skin - metabolism; Skin Aging - drug effects; Solar radiation; Summer; Ultraviolet radiation; Winter; Zinc oxides; particulate matter; free radicals; singlet oxygen; PM2.5; skin; skin aging; keratinocytes; phototoxicity; lipid peroxidation; oxidative stress
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910645

The human skin is exposed to various environmental factors including solar radiation and ambient air pollutants. Although, due to its physical and biological properties, the skin efficiently protects the body against the harm of environmental factors, their excessive levels and possible synergistic action may lead to harmful effects. Among particulate matter present in ambient air pollutants, PM is of particular importance for it can penetrate both disrupted and intact skin, causing adverse effects to skin tissue. Although certain components of PM can exhibit photochemical activity, only a limited amount of data regarding the interaction of PM with light and its effect on skin tissue are available. This study focused on light-induced toxicity in cultured human keratinocytes, which was mediated by PM obtained in different seasons. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were employed to determine sizes of the particles. The ability of PM to photogenerate free radicals and singlet oxygen was studied using EPR spin-trapping and time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, respectively. Solar simulator with selected filters was used as light source for cell treatment to model environmental lightning conditions. Cytotoxicity of photoexcited PM was analyzed using MTT assay, PI staining and flow cytometry, and the apoptotic pathway was further examined using Caspase-3/7 assay and RT-PCR. Iodometric assay and JC-10 assay were used to investigate damage to cell lipids and mitochondria. Light-excited PM were found to generate free radicals and singlet oxygen in season-dependent manner. HaCaT cells containing PM and irradiated with UV-Vis exhibited oxidative stress features-increased peroxidation of intracellular lipids, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced expression of oxidative stress related genes and apoptotic cell death. The data indicate that sunlight can significantly increase PM -mediated toxicity in skin cells.