A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014

This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequ...

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Published inContrast media and molecular imaging Vol. 10; no. 4; p. 245
Main Authors Hingorani, Dina V, Bernstein, Adam S, Pagel, Mark D
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England 01.07.2015
Subjects
Contrast Media - chemistry
Contrast Media - therapeutic use
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
MRI contrast agents
T1 agents
T2 agents
CEST agents
MRS agents
hyperpolarized agents
responsive agents
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Summary:This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequency or superparamagnetism of the agent. These characteristics can be affected by changes in concentrations or activities of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, or metal ions, or changes in redox state, pH, temperature, or light. A total of 117 examples are presented, including ones that employ nuclei other than (1) H, which attests to the creativity of multidisciplinary research efforts to develop responsive MRI contrast agents.
ISSN:1555-4317
DOI:10.1002/cmmi.1629