The Small GTPase Arf6: An Overview of Its Mechanisms of Action and of Its Role in Host⁻Pathogen Interactions and Innate Immunity

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 9; p. 2209
• Main Authors: Van Acker, Tim, Tavernier, Jan, Peelman, Frank
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 05.05.2019; MDPI
• Subjects: Actin; ADP-Ribosylation Factors - genetics; ADP-Ribosylation Factors - metabolism; Animals; Arf6; Binding; Binding sites; Biomarkers; Disruption; Enzyme Activation; Enzymes; Gene disruption; Guanosine diphosphate; Guanosine triphosphatases; Guanosine triphosphate; Host-Parasite Interactions - genetics; Host-Parasite Interactions - immunology; Host-Pathogen Interactions - genetics; Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology; host–pathogen interaction; Humans; immunity; Immunity, Innate; Innate immunity; Kinases; Lipid rafts; Lipids; Mutants; Peptides; phagocytosis; Phagocytosis - genetics; Phagocytosis - immunology; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate; Polymerization; Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Review; Signal Transduction; small GTPase; toll-like receptor; Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism; vesicular transport; Virulence; phagocytosis; innate immunity; host–pathogen interaction; toll-like receptor; immunity; small GTPase; Arf6; vesicular transport
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092209

The small GTase Arf6 has several important functions in intracellular vesicular trafficking and regulates the recycling of different types of cargo internalized via clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. It activates the lipid modifying enzymes PIP 5-kinase and phospholipase D, promotes actin polymerization, and affects several functionally distinct processes in the cell. Arf6 is used for the phagocytosis of pathogens and can be directly or indirectly targeted by various pathogens to block phagocytosis or induce the uptake of intracellular pathogens. Arf6 is also used in the signaling of Toll-like receptors and in the activation of NADPH oxidases. In this review, we first give an overview of the different roles and mechanisms of action of Arf6 and then focus on its role in innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions.