Fabry cardiomyopathy: Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive panmyocarditis requiring heart transplantation

• Published in: ESC Heart Failure Vol. 7; no. 3; pp. 1331 - 1337
• Main Authors: Frustaci, Andrea, Scarpa, Maurizio, Maria da Riol, Rosalia, Agrati, Chiara, Finato, Nicoletta, Verardo, Romina, Grande, Claudia, Chimenti, Cristina, Nora, Concetta, Russo, Matteo Antonio, Livi, Ugolini
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2020; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Antibodies; Biopsy; cardiomiopathy; Cardiomyocytes; Cardiomyopathies - diagnosis; Cardiomyopathies - etiology; Cardiomyopathy; Case Report; Case Reports; Coronary vessels; Cytokines; Enzyme Replacement Therapy; Enzymes; Fabry Disease; Fabry Disease - complications; Fabry Disease - diagnosis; Fabry Disease - drug therapy; Heart; Heart Transplantation; Heart transplants; Histology; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lymphocytes; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Patients; Polymerase chain reaction; Viruses; Fabry Disease; cardiomiopathy; inflammation
• ISSN: 2055-5822; 2055-5822
• DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12723

Resistance to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a major therapeutic challenge in Fabry disease (FD). Recent reports attribute to immune‐mediated inflammation a main role in promoting disease progression and resistance to ERT. Aim of the study is to report a Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive panmyocarditis causing inefficacy of ERT and severe electrical instability, which required cardiac transplantation. Examining the explanted heart from a 57‐year‐old man with FD cardiomyopathy (CM) on 3‐year ERT presenting incoming ventricular fibrillation, we documented a severe virus‐negative myocarditis extended to cardiomyocytes, intramural coronary vessels, conduction tissue, and subepicardial ganglia. Serology was positive for anti‐Gb3, anti‐heart, and anti‐myosin antibodies. In vitro Gb3 stimulation of patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced high amount production of inflammatory cytokine IL1‐β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α. PBMC were stained using the monoclonal antibodies CD3‐V500, CD4‐V450, CD8‐APCcy7, CD45RO‐PerCPcy5.5 and CD27‐FITC from BD Biosciences and CD56‐PC7 from Bekman Coulter. The phenotypic analysis of PBMC showed a lower frequency of CD8 (9.2%) vs. 19.3% and NKT cells (1.6% vs. 2.4%) in Fabry patient respect to healthy donor, suggesting a possible homing to peripheral tissues. A Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive myocarditis is suggested as a possible cause of FDCM progression and ERT resistance. Immune‐mediated inflammation of systemic Fabry cells may coexist and be controlled by implemental immunosuppressive therapy.