Sustainable biomimetic solar distillation with edge crystallization for passive salt collection and zero brine discharge

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 874 - 10
• Main Authors: Abdelsalam, Mohamed A., Sajjad, Muhammad, Raza, Aikifa, AlMarzooqi, Faisal, Zhang, TieJun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 29.01.2024; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 639/166/988; 639/4077/909/4101/4103; 704/172/4081; Aquatic organisms; Biomimetics; Brines; Capillarity; Collection; Corrosion prevention; Crystallization; Desalination; Distillation; Distilled water; Evaporation; Fossil fuels; Humanities and Social Sciences; Leaves; multidisciplinary; Multilayers; Saline water; Salt; Salts; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Seawater; Solar distillation; Solar heating; Sustainability; Sustainable use; Titanium; Vaporization; Vaporizers; Vapors; Water discharge; Water scarcity; Water supply
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45108-2

The urgency of addressing water scarcity and exponential population rise has necessitated the use of sustainable desalination for clean water production, while conventional thermal desalination processes consume fossil fuel with brine rejection. As a promising solution to sustainable solar thermal distillation, we report a scalable mangrove-mimicked device for direct solar vapor generation and passive salt collection without brine discharge. Capillarity-driven salty water supply and continuous vapor generation are ensured by anti-corrosion porous wicking stem and multi-layer leaves, which are made of low-cost superhydrophilic nanostructured titanium meshes. Precipitated salt at the leaf edge forms porous patch during daytime evaporation and get peeled by gravity during night when saline water rewets the leaves, and these salt patches can enhance vaporization by 1.6 times as indicated by our findings. The proposed solar vapor generator achieves a stable photothermal efficiency around 94% under one sun when treating synthetic seawater with a salinity of 3.5 wt.%. Under outdoor conditions, it can produce 2.2 L m −2 of freshwater per day from real seawater, which is sufficient for individual drinking needs. This kind of biomimetic solar distillation devices have demonstrated great capability in clean water production and passive salt collection to tackle global water and environmental challenges. Conventional desalination processes generate clean water and reject brine to sea, which is harmful to the aquatic life. Here, the authors propose a low- cost scalable and foldable mangrove-mimetic device for solar thermal distillation and passive salt collection without brine discharge.