hrHPV E5 oncoprotein: immune evasion and related immunotherapies

• Published in: Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Vol. 36; no. 1; p. 71
• Main Authors: de Freitas, Antonio Carlos, de Oliveira, Talita Helena Araújo, Barros, Jr, Marconi Rego, Venuti, Aldo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central 25.05.2017; BMC
• Subjects: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Cell growth; Cervical cancer; Dendritic cells; E5 oncoprotein; Epidermal growth factor; Female; Gene expression; Genomes; Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology; HPV immune evasion; HPV-related cancer; Human Papillomavirus; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immune response modulation; Immune system; Immune System - cytology; Immune System - immunology; Immune System - metabolism; Immunomodulation; Immunotherapy; Infections; Kinases; Ligands; Listeria; Oncogene Proteins, Viral - immunology; Oncogene Proteins, Viral - metabolism; Papillomaviridae - physiology; Papillomavirus Infections - complications; Papillomavirus Infections - immunology; Papillomavirus Infections - therapy; Papillomavirus Infections - virology; Proteins; Review; Signal transduction; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - etiology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - metabolism; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - pathology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - therapy; Virus Replication; HPV-related cancer; Immune response modulation; E5 oncoprotein; Human Papillomavirus; HPV immune evasion; Immunotherapy
• ISSN: 1756-9966; 0392-9078; 1756-9966
• DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0541-1

The immune response is a key factor in the fight against HPV infection and related cancers, and thus, HPV is able to promote immune evasion through the expression of oncogenes. In particular, the E5 oncogene is responsible for modulation of several immune mechanisms, including antigen presentation and inflammatory pathways. Moreover, E5 was suggested as a promising therapeutic target, since there is still no effective medical therapy for the treatment of HPV-related pre-neoplasia and cancer. Indeed, several studies have shown good prospective for E5 immunotherapy, suggesting that it could be applied for the treatment of pre-cancerous lesions. Thus, insofar as the majority of cervical, oropharyngeal and anal cancers are caused by high-risk HPV (hrHPV), mainly by HPV16, the aim of this review is to discuss the immune pathways interfered by E5 oncoprotein of hrHPV highlighting the various aspects of the potential immunotherapeutic approaches.