Determination of the emissions from an aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) during the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX)

• Published in: Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995) Vol. 62; no. 4; pp. 420 - 430
• Main Authors: Kinsey, John S., Timko, Michael T., Herndon, Scott C., Wood, Ezra C., Yu, Zhenhong, Miake-Lye, Richard C., Lobo, Prem, Whitefield, Philip, Hagen, Donald, Wey, Changlie, Anderson, Bruce E., Beyersdorf, Andreas J., Hudgins, Charles H., Thornhill, K. Lee, Winstead, Edward, Howard, Robert, Bulzan, Dan I., Tacina, Kathleen B., Knighton, W. Berk
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Pittsburgh, PA Taylor & Francis Group 01.04.2012; Air & Waste Management Association; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - chemistry; Aircraft; Aircraft fuels; Airports; Applied sciences; Atmospheric pollution; Aviation; Carbon; Carbon monoxide; Coal; Combustion; Emissions; Environmental protection; Exact sciences and technology; Fuels; Natural Gas; Particle Size; Particulate emissions; Particulate Matter; Petroleum; Pollution; Reduction; Sulfates; Vehicle Emissions - analysis; United States > US; Particle size distribution; Carbon black; Coal; Carbon dioxide; Aerosols; Air pollution; Combustion; Pollutant emission; Modeling; Sulfur dioxide; Particle number
• ISSN: 1096-2247; 2162-2906
• DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2012.655884

The emissions from a Garrett-AiResearch (now Honeywell) Model GTCP85-98CK auxiliary power unit (APU) were determined as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX) using both JP-8 and a coal-derived Fischer Tropsch fuel (FT-2). Measurements were conducted by multiple research organizations for sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), speciated gas-phase emissions, particulate matter (PM) mass and number, black carbon, and speciated PM. In addition, particle size distribution (PSD), number-based geometric mean particle diameter (GMD), and smoke number were also determined from the data collected. The results of the research showed PM mass emission indices (EIs) in the range of 20 to 700 mg/kg fuel and PM number EIs ranging from 0.5 × 10 15 to 5 × 10 15 particles/kg fuel depending on engine load and fuel type. In addition, significant reductions in both the SO 2 and PM EIs were observed for the use of the FT fuel. These reductions were on the order of ∼90% for SO 2 and particle mass EIs and ∼60% for the particle number EI, with similar decreases observed for black carbon. Also, the size of the particles generated by JP-8 combustion are noticeably larger than those emitted by the APU burning the FT fuel with the geometric mean diameters ranging from 20 to 50 nm depending on engine load and fuel type. Finally, both particle-bound sulfate and organics were reduced during FT-2 combustion. The PM sulfate was reduced by nearly 100% due to lack of sulfur in the fuel, with the PM organics reduced by a factor of ∼5 as compared with JP-8.