Molecular implications of HOX genes targeting multiple signaling pathways in cancer

• Published in: Cell biology and toxicology Vol. 38; no. 1; pp. 1 - 30
• Main Authors: Shenoy, U Sangeetha, Adiga, Divya, Kabekkodu, Shama Prasada, Hunter, Keith D, Radhakrishnan, Raghu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.02.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biochemistry; Biomarkers; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cancer; Carcinogenesis - genetics; Cell Biology; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic - genetics; Deregulation; Gene expression; Genes; Genes, Homeobox - genetics; Homeobox; Homeostasis; HOX gene; Humans; Life Sciences; Medical diagnosis; Metastases; Neoplasms - metabolism; Organogenesis; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Review; Signal transduction; Signal Transduction - genetics; Signaling; Transcription factors; Tumorigenesis; Signaling pathways; Diagnostic and prognostic significance; Metastasis; genes; Cancer; HOX genes
• ISSN: 0742-2091; 1573-6822; 1573-6822
• DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09657-2

Homeobox ( HOX ) genes encode highly conserved homeotic transcription factors that play a crucial role in organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Their deregulation impacts the function of several regulatory molecules contributing to tumor initiation and progression. A functional bridge exists between altered gene expression of individual HOX genes and tumorigenesis. This review focuses on how deregulation in the HOX-associated signaling pathways contributes to the metastatic progression in cancer. We discuss their functional significance, clinical implications and ascertain their role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the various cancer types. Besides, the mechanism of understanding the theoretical underpinning that affects HOX -mediated therapy resistance in cancers has been outlined. The knowledge gained shall pave the way for newer insights into the treatment of cancer. Graphical abstract