Psychotropic medication in children and adolescents in the United States in the year 2004 vs 2014

• Published in: Daru Vol. 26; no. 1; pp. 5 - 10
• Main Authors: Lopez-Leon, Sandra, Lopez-Gomez, Manuel I., Warner, Barbara, Ruiter-Lopez, Leon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.09.2018; BioMed Central Ltd
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age Factors; Analysis; Antipsychotic agents; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dosage and administration; Drug Utilization - statistics & numerical data; Drug Utilization - trends; Evaluation; Female; Humans; Male; Medicinal Chemistry; Pediatric pharmacology; Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Prescription Drugs - therapeutic use; Prevalence; Psychotropic Drugs - therapeutic use; Research Article; Sex Factors; Tricyclic antidepressants; United States; United States; Psychotropic drugs; Antipsychotic agents; Tranquilizing agents; Antidepressive agents; Hypnotics and sedatives
• ISSN: 2008-2231; 1560-8115; 2008-2231
• DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0204-6

Background There is a global perception that psychotropic utilization in children and adolescents is increasing in the US. Methods We present prevalent estimates for all psychotropics prescribed in the US (using commercial claims from Medicare and Medicaid) to children and adolescents in 2004 (total population N  = 6,808,453) and in 2014 (total population N  = 11,082.260). Further we evaluated if there has been a statistically significant change in prevalence during this time period. Analyses were stratified for the 6 major drug classes, all individuals’ psychotropics (87 drugs), age and sex. Results The prevalence of psychotropic drug prescription was 8.55% in 2004 and 9.00% in 2014 (age stratified in 2004 and 2014 toddlers: 3.08 and 2.63%, children: 8.74 and 8.73%, adolescents: 10.89% and 12.11). The prevalence for each drug class in 2004 and 2014 was: stimulants/other ADHD drugs 5.0 and 5.8%; antidepressants 2.8 and 2.7%; anxiolytic-hypnotic-sedative 2.2 and 2.3%; mood stabilizers 0.1 and 0.1%; antipsychotics 1.3 and 1.1%; and for drugs treating drug dependence 0.02 and 0.02%. Conclusions The perception that psychotropic utilization in children and adolescents is increasing in the US, derived from the 2 to 3 fold increase seen from the mid 80’s to the mid 90’s is not valid anymore. There has been a slowdown in the increase of prescribing psychotropics. In the last 10 years, in toddlers there was a decrease in the prescription; in children there was no change; and in adolescents there was a slight increase. The prescription of antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers has decreased overall. Graphical abstract In the last 10 years there has been a slowdown in the increase of prescribing psychotropics. In toddlers there was a decrease in the prescription (3.08 and 2.63%); in children (8.74 and 8.73%) there was no change; and in adolescents there was a slight increase (10.89% and 12.11). The prescription of antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers has decreased overall.