Non-optimal ambient temperatures aggravate insecticide toxicity and affect honey bees Apis mellifera L. gene regulation

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 3931
• Main Authors: Alburaki, Mohamed, Madella, Shayne, Cook, Steven C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 09.03.2023; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/1647/2017; 631/61/51; Acetylcholinesterase; Age; Ambient temperature; Animals; Apis mellifera; Bees; Bees - genetics; Gene regulation; Genes; Honey; Humanities and Social Sciences; Imidacloprid; Incubators; Insecticides; Insecticides - toxicity; Mortality; multidisciplinary; Neonicotinoids - toxicity; Nitro Compounds - toxicity; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Temperature; Toxicity
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30264-0

In this study, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of five honey bee genes to examine their functional involvement vis-à-vis ambient temperatures and exposure to imidacloprid. In a 15-day cage experiment, three cohorts of one-day-old sister bees emerged in incubators, were distributed into cages, and maintained at three different temperatures (26 °C, 32 °C, 38 °C). Each cohort was fed a protein patty and three concentrations of imidacloprid-tainted sugar (0 ppb, 5 ppb and 20 ppb) ad libitum. Honey bee mortality, syrup and patty consumption were monitored daily over 15 days. Bees were sampled every three days for a total of five time points. RT-qPCR was used to longitudinally assess gene regulation of Vg , mrjp1 , Rsod , AChE-2 and Trx-1 using RNA extracted from whole bee bodies. Kaplan–Meier models show that bees kept at both non-optimal temperatures (26 °C and 38 °C) were more susceptible to imidacloprid, with significantly higher mortality ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.01, respectively) compared to the control. At 32 °C, no differences in mortality ( P  = 0.3) were recorded among treatments. In both imidacloprid treatment groups and the control, the expression of Vg and mrjp1 was significantly downregulated at 26 °C and 38 °C compared to the optimal temperature of 32 °C, indicating major influence of ambient temperature on the regulation of these genes. Within the ambient temperature groups, both imidacloprid treatments exclusively downregulated Vg and mrjp1 at 26 °C. AChE-2 and the poorly characterized Rsod gene were both consistently upregulated at the highest temperature (38 °C) compared to the ideal temperature (32 °C) in all treatment groups. Trx- 1 showed no effect to both temperature and imidacloprid treatments and was regulated in an age-related manner. Overall, our results indicate that ambient temperatures amplify imidacloprid toxicity and affect honey bee gene regulation.