A universal methodology for reliable predicting the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 1043
• Main Authors: Rezaei, Tahereh, Nazarpour, Vesal, Shahini, Nahal, Bahmani, Soufia, Shahkar, Amir, Abdihaji, Mohammadreza, Ahmadi, Sina, Shahdost, Farzad Tat
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 20.01.2022; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/154/433; 639/638/309; 639/638/898; Anti-inflammatory agents; Carbon dioxide; Flurbiprofen; Humanities and Social Sciences; Ibuprofen; Inflammation; Learning algorithms; Machine learning; Molecular weight; multidisciplinary; Naproxen; Neural networks; Nimesulide; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Physical characteristics; Piroxicam; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Solubility; Tolmetin
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04942-4

Understanding the drug solubility behavior is likely the first essential requirement for designing the supercritical technology for pharmaceutical processing. Therefore, this study utilizes different machine learning scenarios to simulate the solubility of twelve non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ). The considered NSAIDs are Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Loxoprofen, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Nimesulide, Phenylbutazone, Piroxicam, Salicylamide, and Tolmetin. Physical characteristics of the drugs (molecular weight and melting temperature), operating conditions (pressure and temperature), and solvent property (SCCO 2 density) are effectively used to estimate the drug solubility. Monitoring and comparing the prediction accuracy of twelve intelligent paradigms from three categories (artificial neural networks, support vector regression, and hybrid neuro-fuzzy) approves that adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference is the best tool for the considered task. The hybrid optimization strategy adjusts the cluster radius of the subtractive clustering membership function to 0.6111. This model estimates 254 laboratory-measured solubility data with the AAPRE = 3.13%, MSE = 2.58 × 10 –9 , and R 2  = 0.99919. The leverage technique confirms that outliers may poison less than four percent of the experimental data. In addition, the proposed hybrid paradigm is more reliable than the equations of state and available correlations in the literature. Experimental measurements, model predictions, and relevancy analyses justified that the drug solubility in SCCO 2 increases by increasing temperature and pressure. The results show that Ibuprofen and Naproxen are the most soluble and insoluble drugs in SCCO 2 , respectively.