The mechanism underlying extrapulmonary complications of the coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic implication

• Published in: Signal transduction and targeted therapy Vol. 7; no. 1; p. 57
• Main Authors: Ning, Qin, Wu, Di, Wang, Xiaojing, Xi, Dong, Chen, Tao, Chen, Guang, Wang, Hongwu, Lu, Huiling, Wang, Ming, Zhu, Lin, Hu, Junjian, Liu, Tingting, Ma, Ke, Han, Meifang, Luo, Xiaoping
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 23.02.2022; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 692/699/1785; 692/699/255; Acute Kidney Injury - complications; Acute Kidney Injury - drug therapy; Acute Kidney Injury - immunology; Acute Kidney Injury - virology; Anticoagulants - therapeutic use; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use; Cancer Research; Cell Biology; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - complications; COVID-19 - drug therapy; COVID-19 - immunology; COVID-19 - virology; Cytokine Release Syndrome - complications; Cytokine Release Syndrome - drug therapy; Cytokine Release Syndrome - immunology; Cytokine Release Syndrome - virology; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - complications; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - drug therapy; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - immunology; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - virology; Endothelial Cells - drug effects; Endothelial Cells - immunology; Endothelial Cells - virology; Humans; Immunity, Innate - drug effects; Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use; Inflammation; Internal Medicine; Lymphopenia - complications; Lymphopenia - drug therapy; Lymphopenia - immunology; Lymphopenia - virology; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Myocarditis - complications; Myocarditis - drug therapy; Myocarditis - immunology; Myocarditis - virology; Oncology; Pathogenesis; Pathology; Public health; Pulmonary Embolism - complications; Pulmonary Embolism - drug therapy; Pulmonary Embolism - immunology; Pulmonary Embolism - virology; Renin-Angiotensin System - drug effects; Renin-Angiotensin System - immunology; Respiratory distress syndrome; Respiratory system; Review; Review Article; SARS-CoV-2 - drug effects; SARS-CoV-2 - growth & development; SARS-CoV-2 - pathogenicity; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Therapeutic targets
• ISSN: 2059-3635; 2095-9907; 2059-3635
• DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00907-1

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that poses a major threat to global public health. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe cases, it can also result in multiple extrapulmonary complications. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary damage in patients with COVID-19 is probably multifactorial, involving both the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the indirect mechanisms associated with the host inflammatory response. Recognition of features and pathogenesis of extrapulmonary complications has clinical implications for identifying disease progression and designing therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19 from immunological and pathophysiologic perspectives and focuses on the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for the management of COVID-19.