Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

• Published in: Inflammation research Vol. 68; no. 6; pp. 443 - 458
• Main Authors: Korbecki, Jan, Bobiński, Rafał, Dutka, Mieczysław
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.06.2019; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Allergology; Antioxidants; Arachidonic acid; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Catalase; Deactivation; Dermatology; Fatty acids; Heme; Heme oxygenase (decyclizing); Immunology; Inactivation; Inflammation; Inflammatory response; Neurology; NF-κB protein; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Nuclear reactions; Nuclear receptors; Oxygenase; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Prostaglandins; Proteolysis; PTEN protein; Reactive oxygen species; Receptors; Review; Rheumatology; SIRT1 protein; Superoxide dismutase; Transcription factors; Transmitters; Ubiquitination; NF-κB; Inflammation; Cyclooxygenase-2; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Signaling pathway
• ISSN: 1023-3830; 1420-908X; 1420-908X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA 2 and 15d-PGJ 2 ) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.