Hop tests can result in higher limb symmetry index values than isokinetic strength and leg press tests in patients following ACL reconstruction

• Published in: Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA Vol. 28; no. 3; pp. 816 - 822
• Main Authors: Nagai, Takashi, Schilaty, Nathan D., Laskowski, Edward R., Hewett, Timothy E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.03.2020; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Anterior cruciate ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - surgery; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - rehabilitation; Correlation coefficients; Female; Functional testing; Humans; Isokinetic strength; Knee; Leg; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Muscle Strength; Orthopedics; Postoperative Period; Quadriceps muscle; Quadriceps Muscle - physiology; Return to Sport; Surgery; Symmetry; Torque; Variance analysis; Young Adult; Arthrogenic inhibition; Quadriceps weakness; ACL reconstruction; Hop tests; Isokinetic; Leg press
• ISSN: 0942-2056; 1433-7347
• DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05513-3

Purpose Quadriceps weakness is a common clinical sign following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction surgery (ACLR). The aim of this study was to compare strength deficits and the limb symmetry index (LSI) from three different types of functional tests: isokinetic dynamometry, hop test, and leg press. Methods A total of 26 subjects with ACLR (average 8.3 months post-operation) participated in the study. The peak knee extension torque was tested with isokinetic dynamometry at 60/180/300 °/s (ISO60/180/300). Hop distance was tested during single hop (SH) and triple hop (TH). Unilateral peak leg power (POWER) was tested during a bilateral leg press test. LSI was calculated as the ratio of the involved limb over the uninvolved limb values. Pearson correlation coefficients and paired t-tests were used to establish relationships among ISO60/180/300, SH/TH, and POWER values and compare these values between the limbs, respectively. Within-subject one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc analyses was used to compare LSI values among different tests. Results ISO60/180/300 values were significantly positively correlated with SH/TH and POWER ( P  < 0.05), while SH/TH and POWER values were not significantly correlated. Significant limb differences were found in all tests ( P  = 0.001–0.008). ANOVA revealed significant LSI differences among different tests. Specifically, post hoc analyses revealed that LSI during SH was significantly higher than LSI during ISO60. Similarly, LSI during TH was significantly higher than LSIs from ISO60, ISO180, and POWER tests. Conclusions Peak knee extension torque values were positively associated with hop distance and leg power during the leg press test. However, LSI values should be interpreted with caution as hop tests provided significantly higher LSI values than isokinetic testing. Both isokinetic dynamometry and unilateral leg press machine could be used to isolate and strengthen the quadriceps in the involved limb. The current “gold standard” isokinetic testing at slow speed (ISO60) provided the lowest LSI value among all functional tests; therefore, the current study supported a continued use of isokinetic testing when examining individual’s readiness and return-to-sport. Level of evidence III.