Anchored in the present: preschoolers more accurately infer their futures when confronted with their pasts

• Published in: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences Vol. 377; no. 1866; p. 20210344
• Main Authors: Goulding, Brandon W, Stonehouse, Emily Elizabeth, Friedman, Ori
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England The Royal Society 19.12.2022
• Subjects: Adult; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Emotions; Forecasting; Humans; Part I: Proximate Questions: Mechanisms and Ontogeny; Time; cognitive development; future thinking; mental time travel
• ISSN: 0962-8436; 1471-2970
• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0344

People often speculate about what the future holds. They wonder what will happen tomorrow, and what the world will be like in the distant future. Nonetheless, people's ability to consider future possibilities may be restricted when they consider their own futures. Adults show the 'end of history' illusion, believing they have changed more in the past than they will in the future. Further, preschoolers are even more limited in anticipating future change, as 3-year-olds insist their current desires will persist later in life. These findings suggest a deficit in children's and adults' abilities to simulate alternative possibilities that pertain to themselves. However, we report four experiments ( = 233) suggesting otherwise, at least for children. We find that 3-year-olds accurately infer their futures when prompted to consider their past rather than present preferences. Children also succeed at inferring their past preferences when not shown items they currently prefer. This shows that children reason about their pasts and futures, though this ability is hindered when they are shown items that anchor them to the present. Our findings suggest that children's difficulties with mental time travel reflect a failure to shift away from the present rather than an inability to simulate alternative possibilities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.