Role of Gut Microbiota on Onset and Progression of Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

• Published in: Nutrients Vol. 12; no. 12; p. 3719
• Main Authors: Tanase, Daniela Maria, Gosav, Evelina Maria, Neculae, Ecaterina, Costea, Claudia Florida, Ciocoiu, Manuela, Hurjui, Loredana Liliana, Tarniceriu, Claudia Cristina, Maranduca, Minela Aida, Lacatusu, Cristina Mihaela, Floria, Mariana, Serban, Ionela Lacramioara
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 02.12.2020; MDPI
• Subjects: Acid resistance; Animals; Antibiotics; Bacteria; Beneficial use; Biodiversity; Complications; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - therapy; Diabetic Retinopathy; Digestive system; Disease Progression; Dysbacteriosis; Dysbiosis; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Fecal microflora; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology; Glucose; Glucose metabolism; gut microbiota; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal microflora; Lipopolysaccharides; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - complications; Metabolites; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Microvasculature; Nephropathy; neuropathy; Obesity; Permeability; Population; Retinopathy; Review; Transplantation; Trimethylamine; type 2 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; retinopathy; therapy; nephropathy; neuropathy; gut microbiota; dysbiosis
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu12123719

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the most problematic and economic consumer disorders worldwide, with growing prevalence and incidence. Over the last years, substantial research has highlighted the intricate relationship among gut microbiota, dysbiosis and metabolic syndromes development. Changes in the gut microbiome composition lead to an imbalanced gastrointestinal habitat which promotes abnormal production of metabolites, inflammatory status, glucose metabolism alteration and even insulin resistance (IR). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharide, aromatic amino acids and their affiliated metabolites, contribute to T2DM via different metabolic and immunologic pathways. In this narrative review, we discuss the immunopathogenic mechanism behind gut dysbiosis, T2DM development and the major known diabetic microvascular complications (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), the beneficial use of pre- and pro-biotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in T2DM management and new findings and future perspectives in this field.