Appetitive conditioning: Neural bases and implications for psychopathology

• Published in: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews Vol. 31; no. 3; pp. 426 - 440
• Main Authors: Martin-Soelch, C., Linthicum, J., Ernst, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 2007; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Amygdala; Animals; Anterior cingulate; Appetitive Behavior - physiology; Association Learning - physiology; Behavioral psychophysiology; Biological and medical sciences; Brain - physiology; Cognition; Conditioning, Classical - physiology; Conditioning, Operant - physiology; Depression; Depression - physiopathology; Eating disorders; Feeding and Eating Disorders - physiopathology; Functional imaging; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Learning; Medical sciences; Mental Disorders - physiopathology; Mental Disorders - psychology; Mood disorders; Orbitofrontal cortex; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Reward; Schizophrenia - physiopathology; Striatum; Substance-Related Disorders - physiopathology; Learning; Anterior cingulate; Striatum; Orbitofrontal cortex; Amygdala; Eating disorders; Depression; Cognition; Reward; Functional imaging; Mood disorder; Central nervous system; Basal ganglion; Corpus striatum; Review; Eating disorder; Encephalon; Acquisition process; Cingulate cortex; Conditioning; Psychopathology; Amygdaloid nucleus
• ISSN: 0149-7634; 1873-7528
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.002

Appetitive conditioning is the process through which new rewards are learned and acquire their motivational salience. Although it has the same evolutionary survival significance as aversive conditioning, appetitive conditioning has rarely been studied in humans. This gap may be explained by the difficulty to find in humans suitable appetitive stimuli that can elicit physiological responses similar to those elicited by aversive stimuli. To help remedy this gap, we review the literature on conditioning, with emphasis on appetitive conditioning. This review comprises three parts. First, we examine the different forms of conditioning. Second, we review the neural basis of appetitive conditioning, particularly from a functional neuroimaging perspective. And third, we demonstrate how perturbations in processes involved in appetitive conditioning can contribute to implicated psychopathologies and suggest neurobiological models underlying these pathologies. The ultimate goal of this review is to stimulate new avenues of research that have direct links to molecular biology, and thus could prove to be invaluable to progress in the understanding and treatment of psychiatric disabilities.