Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple

• Published in: Ultrasonics sonochemistry Vol. 84; p. 105980
• Main Authors: Coelho, Tiago Linus Silva, Silva, Darlisson Slag Neri, dos Santos Junior, Jedaias Marreiros, Dantas, Clecio, Nogueira, Ana Rita de Araujo, Lopes Júnior, Cícero Alves, Vieira, Edivan Carvalho
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2022; Elsevier
• Subjects: Anacardium; Carotenoid; Carotenoids; Cashew apple; Conventional extraction; Methanol; Mixture design and response surface methodology; Short Communication; Solvents; Ultrasonics; Ultrasound-assisted extraction; CE; Df; LOF; QS; Cashew apple; Mixture design and response surface methodology; Conventional extraction; RSM; r; ANOVA; FAO; PE; UAE; QM; Carotenoid; Ultrasound-assisted extraction
• ISSN: 1350-4177; 1873-2828
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105980

[Display omitted] •Two methods for carotenoids extraction from cashew samples were proposed.•Mixture and response surface design methodology was used.•UAE of carotenoids was faster, cheaper, and more effective than CE.•The suitable extraction condition for UAE was using acetone/methanol (44/56) and 153 mg of sample for 19 min. Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59–201 mg) and extraction time (6–34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix.