Maturation Modulates Pharyngeal-Stimulus Provoked Pharyngeal and Respiratory Rhythms in Human Infants

• Published in: Dysphagia Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 63 - 75
• Main Authors: Hasenstab, Kathryn A., Sitaram, Swetha, Lang, Ivan M., Shaker, Reza, Jadcherla, Sudarshan R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.02.2018; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Analysis; Apnea; Deglutition - physiology; Esophagus; Esophagus - physiology; Female; Gastroenterology; Gastroesophageal reflux; Hepatology; Humans; Imaging; Infant; Infant, Extremely Premature - physiology; Infant, Newborn; Infants; Infants (Premature); Male; Manometry; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neonatology; Noninvasive Ventilation; Original Article; Otorhinolaryngology; Pharynx; Pharynx - physiology; Plethysmography; Radiology; Respiration; Respiratory tract; Swallowing; Temperature measurements; Respiratory regulation; Deglutition; Dysphagia; Prematurity; Deglutition disorders
• ISSN: 0179-051X; 1432-0460
• DOI: 10.1007/s00455-017-9833-z

Pharyngeal-provocation induced aerodigestive symptoms in infants remain an enigma. Sources of pharyngeal provocation can be anterograde as with feeding, and retrograde as in gastroesophageal reflux. We determined maturational and dose–response effects of targeted pharyngeal-stimulus on frequency, stability, and magnitude of pharyngeal and respiratory waveforms during multiple pharyngeal swallowing responses in preterm-born infants when they were of full-term postmenstrual age (PMA). Eighteen infants (11 male) were studied longitudinally at 39.8 ± 4.8 weeks PMA (time-1) and 44.1 ± 5.8 weeks PMA (time-2). Infants underwent concurrent pharyngo-esophageal manometry, respiratory inductance plethysmography, and nasal airflow thermistor methods to test sensory-motor interactions between the pharynx, esophagus, and airway. Linear mixed models were used and data presented as mean ± SEM or %. Overall, responses to 250 stimuli were analyzed. Of the multiple pharyngeal swallowing responses ( n  = 160), with maturation (a) deglutition apnea duration decreases ( p  < 0.01), (b) number of pharyngeal waveform peaks and duration decreases for initial responses ( p  < 0.01), and subsequent responses have lesser variation and greater stability ( p  < 0.01). With increment in stimulus volumes we noted (a) increased prevalence (%) of pharyngeal responses ( p  < 0.05), (b) increased number of pharyngeal peaks ( p  < 0.05), yet pharyngeal frequency (Hz), variability, and stability remain unaffected ( p  > 0.05), and (c) respiratory changes were unaffected ( p  > 0.05). Initial and subsequent pharyngeal responses and respiratory rhythm interactions become more distinct with maturation. Interval oromotor experiences and volume-dependent increase in adaptive responses may be contributory. These mechanisms may be important in modulating and restoring respiratory rhythm normalcy.