Detection of Anomalies in Daily Activities Using Data from Smart Meters

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 2; p. 515
• Main Authors: Hernández, Álvaro, Nieto, Rubén, de Diego-Otón, Laura, Pérez-Rubio, María Carmen, Villadangos-Carrizo, José M, Pizarro, Daniel, Ureña, Jesús
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Aging; Algorithms; Ambient Intelligence; anomaly detection; Appliances; Assisted living facilities; Decision trees; Energy consumption; Energy management; Forecasting; Home appliances; Households; Humans; Information management; Intelligence; Machine learning; Neural networks; Neural Networks, Computer; non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM); predictive models; Sleep; Smart meters; Support vector machines; Wavelet transforms; smart meters; anomaly detection; predictive models; non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM)
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24020515

The massive deployment of smart meters in most Western countries in recent decades has allowed the creation and development of a significant variety of applications, mainly related to efficient energy management. The information provided about energy consumption has also been dedicated to the areas of social work and health. In this context, smart meters are considered single-point non-intrusive sensors that might be used to monitor the behaviour and activity patterns of people living in a household. This work describes the design of a short-term behavioural alarm generator based on the processing of energy consumption data coming from a commercial smart meter. The device captured data from a household for a period of six months, thus providing the consumption disaggregated per appliance at an interval of one hour. These data were used to train different intelligent systems, capable of estimating the predicted consumption for the next one-hour interval. Four different approaches have been considered and compared when designing the prediction system: a recurrent neural network, a convolutional neural network, a random forest, and a decision tree. By statistically analysing these predictions and the actual final energy consumption measurements, anomalies can be detected in the undertaking of three different daily activities: sleeping, breakfast, and lunch. The recurrent neural network achieves an F1-score of 0.8 in the detection of these anomalies for the household under analysis, outperforming other approaches. The proposal might be applied to the generation of a short-term alarm, which can be involved in future deployments and developments in the field of ambient assisted living.