The Associations between Evacuation Movements and Children's Physiological Demands Analyzed via Wearable-Based Sensors

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 21; p. 8094
• Main Authors: Zhang, Bo, Gao, Xiaoyu, Zhou, Jiaxu, Jia, Xiaohu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 22.10.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Age; Behavior; Child; Child, Preschool; children movement assessment; China; Elementary school students; Emergency management; Emergency response; Evacuation; Evacuation of civilians; evacuation postures; Experiments; Female; Gender; Heart rate; Hua Di; Humans; Kindergarten; Knee; Male; Metabolism; Middle schools; Movement; physiological demand; Physiological effects; Physiology; Posture; Risk management; Safety and security measures; School safety; Sensors; Skin; Skin temperature; Sprinkler systems; Travel; Velocity; Walking; Wearable Electronic Devices; wearable sensors; Wearable technology; China; physiological demand; children movement assessment; wearable sensors; evacuation postures
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s22218094

During fire evacuations, crawling is recommended to prevent harm from toxic smoke and to access more breathable air. Few studies have evaluated the physiological burden of crawling, especially for children. The method of using wearable sensors to collect data (e.g., electrodermal activity, EDA; skin temperature, SKT) was used to evaluate the effects of different locomotive postures on children’s velocity and physiological demands. Twenty-eight (28) children (13 boys and 15 girls), aged 4 to 6 years old, traveled up to 22.0 m in different postures: Upright walking (UW), stoop walking (SW), knee and hand crawling (KHC). The results showed that: (1) Gender and age had significant impacts on children’s velocity (p < 0.05): Boys were always faster than girls in any of the three postures and the older the child, the faster the velocity for KHC. (2) Physiological results demonstrated that KHC was more physically demanding than bipedal walking, represented by higher scores of the EDA and SKT indicators, similar to the findings of adults. (3) Gender and age had significant impacts on children’s physiological demands (p < 0.05). The physiological demands were greater for boys than girls. In addition, the higher the age, the less physiological demands he/she needs. Overall, the findings suggest that children are unnecessarily required to choose crawling precisely as adults as the best posture to respond to emergency scenarios. In a severe fire, stoop walking is suggested, as there is more respired air and children could move quickly and avoid overworking physiological burdens. The results of this study are expected to be considered in the evaluation of current evacuation recommendations and for the safety guide of preparedness to improve the effectiveness of risk reduction for children.