Vicarious dishonesty: When psychological closeness creates distance from one’s moral compass

• Published in: Organizational behavior and human decision processes Vol. 119; no. 1; pp. 15 - 26
• Main Authors: Gino, Francesca, Galinsky, Adam D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Inc 01.09.2012; Elsevier; Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc
• Subjects: Behavioural psychology; Biological and medical sciences; Dishonesty; Ethics; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Honesty; Human behaviour; Interdependence; Miscellaneous; Morality; Morals; Organizational behavior; Perspective taking; Psychological closeness; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Selfishness; Social psychology; Studies; Unethical behavior; Vicarious dishonesty; Vicarious self-justification; Psychological closeness; Ethics; Vicarious dishonesty; Dishonesty; Interdependence; Perspective taking; Vicarious self-justification; Unethical behavior; Human; Experimental study; Moral science; Behavior; Distance
• ISSN: 0749-5978; 1095-9920
• DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.011

► We examine the effect of psychological closeness on vicarious selfishness and dishonesty. ► We examine both mediating and moderating factors of this relationship. ► Psychological closeness influences judgments of the wrongdoers’ behavior. ► Psychological closeness produces stronger effects on vicarious selfishness than on vicarious generosity. ► Psychological closeness leads to distance from one’s own moral compass. In four studies employing multiple manipulations of psychological closeness, we found that feeling connected to another individual who engages in selfish or dishonest behavior leads people to behave more selfishly and less ethically themselves. In addition, psychologically connecting with a scoundrel led to greater moral disengagement. We also establish that vicarious justification is the mechanism explaining this effect: When participants felt psychologically close to someone who had behaved selfishly, they were more likely to consider the behavior to be less shame-worthy and less unethical; it was these lenient judgments that then led them to act more unethically themselves. These vicarious effects were moderated by whether the miscreant was identified with a photograph and by the type of behavior. Importantly, we establish a general process of vicariousness: psychological closeness produced both vicarious generosity and selfishness depending on the behavior of the person one feels psychologically connected to. These findings suggest an irony of psychological closeness: it can create distance from one’s own moral compass.