Punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity in social dilemma experiments
Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate pr...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 115; no. 1; pp. 30 - 35 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
02.01.2018
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate provided the following strict condition is satisfied: The benefit of cooperation must outweigh the total cost of cooperating with all neighbors. In an attempt to relax this condition, we perform social dilemma experiments wherein network reciprocity is aided with another theoretically hypothesized cooperation-promoting mechanism—costly punishment. The results reveal how networks promote and stabilize cooperation. This stabilizing effect is stronger in a smaller-size neighborhood, as expected from theory and experiments. Contrary to expectations, punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity by lowering assortment, payoff per round, and award for cooperative behavior. This diminishing effect is stronger in a larger-size neighborhood. An immediate implication is that the psychological effects of enduring punishment override the rational response anticipated in quantitative models of cooperation in networks. |
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| AbstractList | The evolution of cooperation has a formative role in human societies—civilized life on Earth would be impossible without cooperation. However, it is unclear why cooperation would evolve in the first place because Darwinian selection favors selfish individuals. After struggling with this problem for >150 y, recent scientific breakthroughs have uncovered multiple cooperation-promoting mechanisms. We build on these breakthroughs by examining whether two widely known cooperation-promoting mechanisms—network reciprocity and costly punishment—create synergies in a social dilemma experiment. While network reciprocity fulfilled its expected role, costly punishment proved to be surprisingly ineffective in promoting cooperation. This ineffectiveness suggests that the rational response to punishment assumed in theoretical studies is overly stylized and needs reexamining.
Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate provided the following strict condition is satisfied: The benefit of cooperation must outweigh the total cost of cooperating with all neighbors. In an attempt to relax this condition, we perform social dilemma experiments wherein network reciprocity is aided with another theoretically hypothesized cooperation-promoting mechanism—costly punishment. The results reveal how networks promote and stabilize cooperation. This stabilizing effect is stronger in a smaller-size neighborhood, as expected from theory and experiments. Contrary to expectations, punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity by lowering assortment, payoff per round, and award for cooperative behavior. This diminishing effect is stronger in a larger-size neighborhood. An immediate implication is that the psychological effects of enduring punishment override the rational response anticipated in quantitative models of cooperation in networks. Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate provided the following strict condition is satisfied: The benefit of cooperation must outweigh the total cost of cooperating with all neighbors. In an attempt to relax this condition, we perform social dilemma experiments wherein network reciprocity is aided with another theoretically hypothesized cooperation-promoting mechanism -- costly punishment. The results reveal how networks promote and stabilize cooperation. This stabilizing effect is stronger in a smaller-size neighborhood, as expected from theory and experiments. Contrary to expectations, punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity by lowering assortment, payoff per round, and award for cooperative behavior. This diminishing effect is stronger in a larger-size neighborhood. An immediate implication is that the psychological effects of enduring punishment override the rational response anticipated in quantitative models of cooperation in networks. Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate provided the following strict condition is satisfied: The benefit of cooperation must outweigh the total cost of cooperating with all neighbors. In an attempt to relax this condition, we perform social dilemma experiments wherein network reciprocity is aided with another theoretically hypothesized cooperation-promoting mechanism-costly punishment. The results reveal how networks promote and stabilize cooperation. This stabilizing effect is stronger in a smaller-size neighborhood, as expected from theory and experiments. Contrary to expectations, punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity by lowering assortment, payoff per round, and award for cooperative behavior. This diminishing effect is stronger in a larger-size neighborhood. An immediate implication is that the psychological effects of enduring punishment override the rational response anticipated in quantitative models of cooperation in networks.Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring this type of reciprocity was published only recently. When organized in an unchanging network of social contacts, human subjects cooperate provided the following strict condition is satisfied: The benefit of cooperation must outweigh the total cost of cooperating with all neighbors. In an attempt to relax this condition, we perform social dilemma experiments wherein network reciprocity is aided with another theoretically hypothesized cooperation-promoting mechanism-costly punishment. The results reveal how networks promote and stabilize cooperation. This stabilizing effect is stronger in a smaller-size neighborhood, as expected from theory and experiments. Contrary to expectations, punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity by lowering assortment, payoff per round, and award for cooperative behavior. This diminishing effect is stronger in a larger-size neighborhood. An immediate implication is that the psychological effects of enduring punishment override the rational response anticipated in quantitative models of cooperation in networks. |
| Author | Jusup, Marko Havlin, Shlomo Wang, Zhen Li, Xuelong Shi, Lei Boccaletti, Stefano Podobnik, Boris Stanley, H. Eugene Li, Huijia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xuelong surname: Li fullname: Li, Xuelong organization: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Marko surname: Jusup fullname: Jusup, Marko organization: Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan – sequence: 3 givenname: Zhen surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zhen organization: Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Huijia surname: Li fullname: Li, Huijia organization: School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100080, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Lei surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Lei organization: Statistics and Mathematics College, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Boris surname: Podobnik fullname: Podobnik, Boris organization: Zagreb School of Economics and Management, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia – sequence: 7 givenname: H. Eugene surname: Stanley fullname: Stanley, H. Eugene organization: Center for Polymer Studies, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 – sequence: 8 givenname: Shlomo surname: Havlin fullname: Havlin, Shlomo organization: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan – sequence: 9 givenname: Stefano surname: Boccaletti fullname: Boccaletti, Stefano organization: The Italian Embassy in Israel, 68125 Tel Aviv, Israel |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29259113$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1625004$$D View this record in Osti.gov |
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| Keywords | evolutionary selection node strategy payoff defection cooperation |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2017 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). |
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| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) USDOE Office of Science (SC) Network Cyber Security (NECST) National Science Foundation (NSF) Chinese Young 1000 Talents Plan AC07-05ID14517; PHY-1505000; CMMI-1125290; CHE-1213217; HDTRA1-14-1-0017 Japan Science Foundation Inamori Foundation US Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) Israel Science Foundation (ISF) Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) Contributed by H. Eugene Stanley, November 14, 2017 (sent for review May 8, 2017; reviewed by Alison P. Galvani and Vito Latora) 1X.L., M.J., and Z.W. contributed equally to this work. Author contributions: X.L., M.J., Z.W., H.L., L.S., B.P., H.E.S., S.H., and S.B. designed research; X.L., M.J., Z.W., H.L., L.S., B.P., S.H., and S.B. performed research; X.L., M.J., Z.W., H.L., L.S., B.P., S.H., and S.B. analyzed data; and X.L., M.J., Z.W., H.L., L.S., B.P., H.E.S., S.H., and S.B. wrote the paper. Reviewers: A.P.G., Yale Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis; and V.L., Queen Mary University of London. |
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| Snippet | Network reciprocity has been widely advertised in theoretical studies as one of the basic cooperation-promoting mechanisms, but experimental evidence favoring... The evolution of cooperation has a formative role in human societies—civilized life on Earth would be impossible without cooperation. However, it is unclear... |
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| SubjectTerms | Cooperation defection evolutionary selection GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS Human subjects node strategy payoff Physical Sciences Psychological aspects Psychological effects Punishment Reciprocity science & technology - other topics Social organization Social Sciences |
| Title | Punishment diminishes the benefits of network reciprocity in social dilemma experiments |
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