Entropy Measures of Electroencephalograms towards the Diagnosis of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

• Published in: Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 10; p. 1348
• Main Authors: Hinchliffe, Chloe, Yogarajah, Mahinda, Elkommos, Samia, Tang, Hongying, Abasolo, Daniel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 23.09.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Convulsions & seizures; Diagnosis; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Entropy; Entropy (Information theory); Epilepsy; Fractals; Frequencies; Heart rate; Machine learning; Methods; Patients; psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; Researchers; Seizures; Seizures (Medicine); Singular value decomposition; Support vector machines; Wavelet transforms; United Kingdom; machine learning; psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; entropy
• ISSN: 1099-4300; 1099-4300
• DOI: 10.3390/e24101348

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) may resemble epileptic seizures but are not caused by epileptic activity. However, the analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with entropy algorithms could help identify patterns that differentiate PNES and epilepsy. Furthermore, the use of machine learning could reduce the current diagnosis costs by automating classification. The current study extracted the approximate sample, spectral, singular value decomposition, and Renyi entropies from interictal EEGs and electrocardiograms (ECG)s of 48 PNES and 29 epilepsy subjects in the broad, delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Each feature-band pair was classified by a support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbour (kNN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM). In most cases, the broad band returned higher accuracy, gamma returned the lowest, and combining the six bands together improved classifier performance. The Renyi entropy was the best feature and returned high accuracy in every band. The highest balanced accuracy, 95.03%, was obtained by the kNN with Renyi entropy and combining all bands except broad. This analysis showed that entropy measures can differentiate between interictal PNES and epilepsy with high accuracy, and improved performances indicate that combining bands is an effective improvement for diagnosing PNES from EEGs and ECGs.